No abstract

Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of the photothermal genome-editing strategy for cancer immunotherapy. a) Process of preparation of ANP/HSP-Cas9 plasmid complex. b) Illustration of photothermal activation for PD-L1 genome editing in tumor cells. c) Photoactivable CRISPR/Cas9 strategy reprograms immunosuppressive tumor environment.

The g/8 locus of maize (Zea mays L.) was previously defined by a mutation that reduces the amount and alters the composition of seedling cuticular waxes. Sixty independently derived g/8 mutant alleles were isolated from stocks that carried the Mutator transposon system. A DNA fragment that contains a Mu8 transposon and that co-segregates with one of these alleles, g18-Mu3142, was identified and cloned. DNA flanking the Mu8 transposon was shown via allelic cross-referencing experiments to represent the g/8 locus. The g/8 probe revealed a 1.4-kb transcript present in wild-type seedling leaves and, in lesser amounts, in other organs and at other developmental stages. The amino acid sequence deduced from an apparently full-length g/8 cDNA exhibits highly significant sequence similarity to a group of enzymes from plants, eubacteria, and mammals that catalyzes the reduction of ketones. This finding suggests that the GL8 protein probably functions as a reductase during fatty acid elongation in the cuticular wax biosynthetic pathway.

The nucleation and crystallization of the NazO * 2Ca0 * 3Si02 (NC2S3) glass were studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), and a (nucleation rate-temperature)-like curve was determined by plotting either the reciprocal of the temperature corresponding to the crystallization peak maximum, l/T,, or the height of the crystallization peak, (ST),, as a function of nucleation temperature, T . . The temperature where nucleation can occur for this glass ranges from 550" to 650°C and the temperature for maximum nucleation is 600" * 5°C. Both temperatures are in excellent agreement with those determined by the classical technique of nucleation followed by isothermal crystallization. The activation energy for crystallization, E,, for this glass is the same for surface and/or bulk crystallization, and is 370 -C 15 kJ/mol. The analysis of the crystallization data with the Kissinger equation yields the correct value for E, only when crystal growth occurs on a fixed number of nuclei. When a majority of the nucleation occurs during the DTA measurements, a modified Kissinger equation must be used to calculate E,. E, is also independent of the heating rate when determined using a single-crystallization-peak analysis technique. The single-peak analysis technique is useful for a rapid determination of E, or when only a small amount of sample is available. [