2D MXenes have been found to be one of the most promising catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to their excellent electronic conductivity, hydrophilic nature, porosity and stability. Nonmetallic (NM) element doping is an effective approach to enhance the HER catalytic performance. By using the density functional theory (DFT) method, we researched the effect of nonmetallic doping (different element types, variable doping concentrations) and optimal hydrogen absorption concentration on the surface of NM-Ti3C2O2 for HER catalytic activity and stability. The calculation results show that doping nonmetallic elements can improve their HER catalytic properties; the P element dopants catalyst especially exhibits remarkable HER performance (∆GH = 0.008 eV when the P element doping concentration is 100% and the hydrogen absorption is 75%). The origin mechanism of the regulation of doping on stability and catalytic activity was analyzed by electronic structures. The results of this work proved that by controlling the doping elements and their concentrations we can tune the catalytic activity, which will accelerate the further research of HER catalysts.

The advanced geosynchronous radiation imager (AGRI) is a geostationary sensor whose reflective solar band is calibrated by a solar diffuser (SD). The SD bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) degrades over time in the space environment. This degradation can be measured through the SD reflectance degradation monitor (SDRDM). The SDRDM calibration data are normally collected by three filtered detectors, covering wavelengths from 0.45μm to 0.90μm. The SD reflectance degradation can be derived by trending the ratio of the background-subtracted solar-angle corrected SDRDM sun and SD view responses. The conventional monitoring methods rely on geometry factors of the sun view port and the relative BRDF of the SD, and these parameters can cause uncertainties. Aiming at these uncertain factors, the present study collects calibration data at the same solar angle. This method compares the detector digital counts obtained at different times but with the same solar angle. Consequently, it cancels out the angle-dependent parameter to obtain the ratio of the BRDF degradation factors. The obtained results show that monitoring uncertainty of the proposed method is less than 0.18%, while the corresponding monitoring error is less than 0.66%. This method can be applicated in SD's BRDF monitoring.

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To monitor the spectral position drift, expansion and contraction of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the satellite calibration spectrometer (SCS) of the HY-1C satellite during on-orbit operation, an onboard spectral calibration method based on a wavelength diffuser is proposed in this paper. This method uses the wavelength diffuser reflectance measured prelaunch as the standard spectrum, convolves it with the spectral response function of the SCS to obtain a reference spectrum, uses the measured data of the onboard SCS as the measured spectrum, and obtains the spectral drift and variation of the FWHM through spectral line matching. Generally, the spectral response function of a hyperspectral remote sensor follows a Gaussian model, and so does that of the SCS. The spectral calibration results obtained based on the onboard wavelength diffuser are validated and evaluated in comparison to calibration based on an oxygen absorption line. Preliminary results show that (1) the SCS spectral drift is negative, indicating a shift in the shortwave direction, and its absolute value is gradually decreasing with increasing on-orbit operation time; (2) the mean values of the central wavelength and FWHM errors between the two calibration methods are 0.08 nm and 0.20 nm, respectively, indicating that the spectral calibration method based on the wavelength diffuser has high accuracy and reliability; and (3) the SCS spaceborne spectral calibration error has the greatest impact on radiometric calibration in Band 18, with an uncertainty of 0.99%, while the uncertainty in the other bands is less than 0.33%, indicating that the spectral calibration uncertainty meets radiometric calibration accuracy requirements.