The effectiveness of resveratrol (RES) on intestinal
barrier dysfunction
and colitis has been extensively studied. However, the specific effects
of its microbial metabolites on gut barrier function remain unclear.
Hence, we compared the protective effects of RES and its microbial
metabolites dihydroresveratrol (DHR) and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic
acid (4HPP) against intestinal barrier injury and colitis. Only 4HPP
and RES significantly reduced paracellular permeability and the secretion
of proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated
intestinal Caco-2 cells, which was consistent with the upregulation
in tight junction (TJ) proteins. Furthermore, RES and 4HPP ameliorated
intestinal barrier dysfunction and colonic inflammation in colitis
mice, while DHR did not. In particular, the expressions of intestinal
TJ proteins and Muc2 were restored by RES and 4HPP. The molecular
mechanism involved the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
(AMPK)-mediated activation of CDX2 and the regulation of the SIRT1/NF-κB
pathway. These findings provide new insights into understanding the
protective effects of RES against intestinal barrier damage and colitis.
HMOs (human milk oligosaccharides) are the third most important nutrient in breast milk. As complex glycans, HMOs play an important role in regulating neonatal intestinal immunity, resisting viral and bacterial infections, displaying antiinflammatory characteristics, and promoting brain development. Although there have been some previous reports of HMOs, a detailed literature review summarizing the structure−activity relationships and dose-dependent effects of HMOs is lacking. Hence, after introducing the structures and synthetic pathways of HMOs, this review summarizes and categorizes identified structure− function relationships of HMOs. Differential mechanisms of different structural HMOs utilization by microorganisms are summarized. This review also emphasizes the recent advances in the interactions between different health benefits and the variance of dosage effect based on in vitro cell tests, animal experiments, and human intervention studies. The potential relationships between the chemical structure, the dosage selection, and the physiological properties of HMOs as functional foods are vital for further understanding of HMOs and their future applications.
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