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The primary purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine, in a sample of Chinese children (initial M age = 8 years, N = 1,140), contributions of aggression to the development of social competence and academic achievement. Five waves of panel data on aggression and social and school performance were collected from peer evaluations, teacher ratings, and school records in Grades 2 to 5. Structural equation modeling revealed that aggression had unique effects on later social competence and academic achievement after their stabilities were controlled, particularly in the junior grades. Aggression also had significant indirect effects on social and academic outcomes through multiple pathways. Social competence and academic achievement contributed to the development of each other, but not aggression. The results indicate cascade effects of aggression in Chinese children from a developmental perspective.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relations of authoritative parenting and corporal punishment to Chinese first and second graders' effortful control (EC), impulsivity, ego resilience, and maladjustment, as well as mediating relations. A parent and teacher reported on children's EC, impulsivity, and ego resilience; parents reported on children's internalizing symptoms and their own parenting, and teachers and peers reported on children's externalizing symptoms. Authoritative parenting and low corporal punishment predicted high EC, and EC mediated the relation between parenting and externalizing problems. In addition, impulsivity mediated the relation of corporal punishment to externalizing problems. The relation of parenting to children's ego resilience was mediated by EC and/or impulsivity, and ego resilience mediated the relations of EC and impulsivity to internalizing problems.In the past few years, researchers have increasingly examined the relations of parental socialization style to children's dispositional control-related characteristics (e.g., selfregulation, impulsivity) and children's maladjustment (e.g., Eisenberg, Zhou, et al., 2005;Gilliom, Shaw, Beck, Schonberg, & Lukon, 2002;Kochanska & Knaack, 2003). Although it is clear that there are associations of both socialization and children's control/regulation with maladjustment (e.g., Rothbart & Bates, 2006), findings differ somewhat depending on the operationalization of control/regulation. In addition, it has been suggested that individual differences in children's regulatory capacities and ego resilience partly mediate the relation of socialization to children's maladjustment (Eisenberg, Cumberland, & Spinrad, 1998;Eisenberg et al., 2004;Gottman, Katz, & Hooven, 1997). Moreover, although relations of socialization with children's regulation and maladjustment may vary across cultures (Bugental & Grusec, 2006), with a few exceptions (e.g., Zhou, Eisenberg, Wang, & Reiser, 2004), most relevant research has been conducted in North America. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the relations of authoritative and punitive parenting to children's maladjustment in a sample from the People's Republic of China, and if individual differences in self-regulation (assessed with effortful control [EC]), impulsivity, and resilience mediated these relations. Relevant literature on the constructs of EC, reactive control, and ego resilience, and their relations to maladjustment, is discussed below, followed by consideration of the relations of parenting and culture to these constructs. Copyright © 2009 Cambridge University PressAddress correspondence and reprint requests to: Nancy Eisenberg, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104; Nancy.Eisenberg@asu.edu. NIH Public Access EC and Reactive Control, Ego Resilience, and Children's MaladjustmentThere is mounting evidence that individual differences in children's emotion-related selfregulation are related to their maladjustment, including externalizing an...

Drawing from multiple bodies of literature, the authors investigate the relationship between consumptionbased carbon emissions and domestic income inequality for 67 nations from 1991 to 2008. Results of twoway fixed-effects longitudinal models indicate that the relationship between national-level emissions and inequality changes through time and varies for nations in different macroeconomic contexts. For high-income nations, the relationship shifts from negative to positive, suggesting that in recent years, income inequality in such nations increases carbon emissions. For middle-income nations, the association is negative, and becomes increasingly negative in the later years of the study. For low-income nations, the relationship between carbon emissions and domestic income inequality is null for the entire 1991 to 2008 period. These diverse results hold, net of the effects of other well-established human drivers of emissions, including population size, level of economic development, and urbanization. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for future research on greenhouse gas emissions and domestic inequality, and the central role that sociology should play in this emerging area of inquiry.

In this article, we review the theory of ecologically unequal exchange and its relevance for global environmental injustice. According to this theory, global political–economic factors, especially the structure of international trade, shape the unequal distribution of environmental harms and human development; wealthier and more powerful Global North nations have disproportionate access to both natural resources and sink capacity for waste in Global South nations. We discuss how the theory has roots in multiple perspectives on development, world‐systems analysis, environmental sociology, and ecological economics. We detail research that tests hypotheses derived from ecological unequal exchange theory on several environmental harms, including deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and water pollution as well as related human well‐being outcomes. We also discuss research on social forces that counter the harmful impacts of ecologically unequal exchange, including institutions, organizations, and environmental justice movements. We suggest that ecologically unequal exchange theory provides an important global political–economic approach for research in environmental sociology and other environmental social sciences as well as for sustainability studies more broadly.