The brain representation of language in bilinguals is sculptured by several factors, such as age of acquisition (AoA) and proficiency level (PL) in second language. Although the effect of AoA-L2 on brain function and structure has been studied, little attention is devoted to dynamic properties of the language network and their differences between early and late bilinguals. In this study, we acquired resting-state fMRI data from early and late Cantonese (L1)-Mandarin (L2) bilinguals with high PLs of verbal fluency in both languages. We then analyzed dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) by using the sliding-windows approach, estimated the dFC states by using the k-means clustering algorithm, and calculated the dynamic topological properties of the language network for the early and late bilinguals. We detected four dFC states, State 1, State 2, State 3, and State 4, which may be related to phonetic processing, semantic processing, language control, and syntactic processing, respectively. Compared to the late bilinguals, the early bilinguals showed higher dFC between the inferior frontal area and the temporal area in State 1 and State 2, while higher dFC between the cerebellum and other regions in State 3. The early bilinguals showed a higher clustering coefficient and local and global efficiency in State 1 and State 3, but lower characteristic path length in State 1, than the late bilinguals. Together, these results suggested that AoA-L2 affects temporal neural activation and dynamic topological properties of the language network. These findings provide new information to understand the effect of experience of L2 acquisition on language network in bilinguals.

17Landslides are one of the most common and damaging natural hazards in mountainous areas. 18 However, due to the complex mechanisms that influence the activation of landslides, it can often be 19 very difficult to predict exactly when a landslide will occur. Therefore, research on landslide Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.,

The capacity of visual working memory (VWM) is regarded as one of the central themes in working memory. Related studies-on cognitive psychology and neuroscience level focused on the flexibility of capacity of working memory and the influencing factors. The current study aimed at the relationship of object complexity and VWM capacity, which used change detection paradigm in order to reveal the mechanism of object representation in visual working memory. We explored the impact of complexity on capacity of VWM by different-complexity-level Snodgrass line drawings. Participants were required to remember 2, 3 or 5 objects at the same time. In experiment 1, we set the initial stimulus exposure time at 500 ms to investigate the complexity effect. Then we varied the duration of the initial stimulus exposure time to 250 ms, 750 ms to rule out perception constraint and the test the time course of the complexity effect. We found that the middle-level-complexity object had the best performance which could be named as "middle complexity effect". This effect was not the result restrained by the perception and disappeared when the exposure time was prolonged to 750 ms.

Background Locoregional recurrence is of high risk and is associated with a poor prognosis in terms of OS for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Local control is essential for radical cure of NSCLC. Previous studies have investigated the clinicopathological risk factors for locoregional recurrence, but the genomic biomarkers associated with locoregional recurrence have been inadequately studied. Methods A total of 118 patients who underwent tumor resection with mutation‐detected tumor specimens were included. Tumor samples at surgery and pretreatment/postoperative blood samples were collected for mutational profiling. Results Among 48 patients with disease recurrence, 46% developed locoregional recurrence (LR) and 75% developed distant metastasis (DM). The 3‐year actuarial risk of LR and DM was 25% and 43%, respectively. The first sites of failure were locoregional only (29%), locoregional and distant (10%), and distant only (61%). Patients with LR showed significantly higher ctDNA level than those with only DM at the time of initial recurrence. On multivariate analysis of baseline risk factors, the presence of allele frequency heterogeneity and baseline ctDNA shedding were found to be independently associated with a higher risk of LR. Patients with disruptive TP53 mutations had significantly lower LR‐free survival as compared to patients with wild‐type TP53 or nondisruptive mutations. EGFR mutations showed a favorable prognostic value for LR and is not induced by EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Both disruptive TP53 mutation and EGFR mutation remained the significant prognostic factor after adjustment for histological type, pathologic nodal stage and adjuvant therapy. Conclusions Nearly half of disease recurrences after surgery for NSCC involved locoregional sites. We identified genomic biomarkers from baseline tumor and ctDNA samples which showed promising prognostic value for LR only. This can help identify patients who had a higher risk of locoregional recurrence regardless of the risk of distant metastasis.

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