Gastric organoids are biological models constructed in vitro using stem cell culture and 3D cell culture techniques, which are the latest research hotspots. The proliferation of stem cells in vitro is the key to gastric organoid models, making the cell subsets within the models more similar to in vivo tissues. Meanwhile, the 3D culture technology also provides a more suitable microenvironment for the cells. Therefore, the gastric organoid models can largely restore the growth condition of cells in terms of morphology and function in vivo. As the most classic organoid models, patient-derived organoids use the patient’s own tissues for in vitro culture. This kind of model is responsive to the ‘disease information’ of a specific patient and has great effect on evaluating the strategies of individualized treatment. Herein, we review the current literature on the establishment of organoid cultures, and also explore organoid translational applications.

Background. Spinal cord injury (SCI), a serious damage of the central nervous system, has become an extremely important issue that threatens the health of people worldwide. The proliferation of astrocytes plays an important role in the repair of SCI, which has typical two-sided effects. The HS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1), plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion. However, the specific role and mechanism of HAX-1 in human astrocyte HA1800 are still unclear. Objectives.To explore the effect of HAX-1 on the proliferation and apoptosis of HA1800 cells and preliminarily explore its possible underlying mechanism. Materials and methods.The HA1800 cell lines with high-and low-expression levels of HAX-1 were established using lentiviral vector pcDNA3. 1. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot were employed to determine the expression of HAX-1 after transfection. Cell viability and proliferation ability were estimated using MTT and 5-Ethynyl-2'deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. The effects of HAX-1 on the HA1800 cell cycle and apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry. The BCL-2/BAX ratio and the expression of Ki67 and c-Myc in the transfected cells were detected using qRT-PCR. The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database was used to determine the relationships of HAX-1, BAX and BCL-2.Results. The HA1800 cell lines with high and low expression of HAX-1 were obtained. The MTT, EdU and flow cytometry showed that elevated HAX-1 could inhibit the proliferation, reduce the viability and promote the apoptosis of HA1800 cells. The qRT-PCR showed that the mRNA levels of Ki67, c-Myc and the BCL-2/ BAX ratio were significantly decreased in the HAX-1 high-expression group, but increased in the HAX-1 low-expression group. The results from the GEPIA database showed that HAX-1 was positively correlated with BAX and BCL-2 in the spinal cord.Conclusions. The HAX-1 may influence the biological behavior of human HA1800 cells due to the progression of cell cycle and apoptosis associated with BCL-2/BAX.