Genomic instability, a feature of most cancers, contributes to malignant cell transformation and cancer progression due to the accumulation of genetic alterations. Genomic instability is reflected at numerous levels, from single nucleotide to the chromosome levels. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and regulators of genomic instability in cancer remain unclear. Growing evidence indicates that the binding of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to protein chaperones confers a variety of regulatory functions, including managing of genomic instability. The aim of the present review was to examine the roles of mitosis, telomeres, DNA repair, and epigenetics in genomic instability, and the mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate them by binding proteins in cancer cells. This review contributes to our understanding of the role of lncRNAs and genomic instability in cancer and can potentially provide entry points and molecular targets for cancer therapies. Contents1. Introduction 2. LncRNAs affect chromosome instability via RBPs 3. LncRNAs are involved in DNA repair through RBPs 4. LncRNAs regulate other epigenetic modalities through RBPs 5.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common stromal-derived tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and have a potential metastatic capacity in almost half of all cases, with the most common sites of metastasis being the liver and peritoneum. However, there is evidence that GIST metastasizes to sites other than the liver and peritoneum, which poses challenges for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the Cochrane and Medline databases were searched via PubMed in July 2022 using relevant keywords to acquire the literature associated with the metastasis of GIST to rare sites published since from 2000 onwards. Study data comprising age, sex, primary location, metastatic site, mean survival time, clinical signs and symptoms, imaging, pathological features immunohistochemical indices, treatment and prognosis were recorded and analyzed. The 118 metastases at rare sites reported in the literature included bone (n=31), lung (n=10), lymph nodes (n=13), intracranial sites (n=13), skin and subcutaneous tissue (n=10), heart (n=7), skeletal muscle (n=7), orbit and choroid (n=6), pancreas (n=3), spleen (n=2), bone marrow (n=1), testis (n=3), scrotum (n=1), epididymis (n=1), penis (n=1), ovary (n=2), cervix (n=1), kidney (n=1), bladder (n=1), adrenal gland (n=2) and thyroid gland (n=2). From the reviewed studies, it may be concluded that when metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumors occur at rare sites, the initial symptoms may help in the identification of these sites. In addition, the site-dependent imaging of different metastatic locations may further define the metastases, and the findings of pathological or immunohistochemical analyses may be used to confirm the diagnosis. Contents Introduction 2. Materials and methods3. Rare metastatic sites and basic characteristics of patients 4. Diagnosis of rare site metastasis of GIST 5. Therapy and prognosis for rare site GIST metastases 6.

No abstract