Future-oriented thought, a projection of the self into the future to pre-experience an event, has been linked to default mode network (DMN). Previous studies showed that the DMN was generally divided into two subsystems: anterior part (aDMN) and posterior part (pDMN). The former is mostly related to self-referential mental thought and latter engages in episodic memory retrieval and scene construction. However, functional contribution of these two subsystems and functional connectivity between them during future-oriented thought has rarely been reported. Here, we investigated these issues by using an experimental paradigm that allowed prospective, episodic decisions concerning one’s future (Future Self) to be compared with self-referential decisions about one’s immediate present state (Present Self). Additionally, two parallel control conditions that relied on non-personal semantic knowledge (Future Non-Self Control and Present Non-Self Control) were conducted. Our results revealed that the aDMN was preferentially activated when participants reflected on their present states, whereas the pDMN exhibited preferentially activation when participants reflected on their personal future. Intriguingly, significantly decreased aDMN-pDMN connectivity was observed when thinking about their future relative to other conditions. These results support the notion that activation within these subsystems and connectivity between them contribute differently to future-oriented thought.
The purpose of this study is to examine how the emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal, affects the association between perceived stress and anxiety symptoms in COVID-19 isolated people. Data for this cross-sectional study come from a community-based online survey of COVID-19 isolated people ( N = 328), who are not infected with the 2019-nCoV virus. We applied correlation and moderating effect for data analysis and found that cognitive reappraisal negatively moderated the relationship between perceived stress and anxiety symptoms. These results give us a new perspective on understanding the relationship between anxiety symptoms and perceived stress by clarifying the protective function of cognitive reappraisal. It buffers the induced negative emotion when COVID-19 isolated people perceive overpressure, and thus instigates future research into targeted clinical interventions, which aim to cultivate cognitive reappraisal skills for those isolated people in the face of stressful events or crisis events.
ObjectiveThe mindfulness based interventions have been widely demonstrated effective on reducing stress, alleviating mood disorders and improving quality of life; however, the underlying mechanisms remained to be fully understood. Along with the advanced research in microbiota-gut-brain axis, this study aimed to explore the impact of gut microbiota on the effectiveness and responsiveness to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) among high trait anxiety populations.DesignA standard mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) was performed among 21 young adults with high trait anxiety. A total of 29 healthy controls were matched for age and sex. The differences on gut microbiota between the two groups were compared. The changes of fecal microbiota and psychological indicators were also investigated before and after the intervention. ResultsCompared with healthy controls, we found markedly decreased bacterial diversity and distinctive clusters among high trait-anxiety populations, with significant overgrowth of bacteria such as Streptococcus, Blautia, Romboutsia, and decrease of genera such as Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus_3, Lachnoclostridium. Moreover, MBCT attenuated trait-anxiety and depression, improved mindfulness and resilience, and turned gut microbiota more close to that of healthy controls. Notably, high burden of intestinal Subdoligranulum pre-MBCT was associated with an increased responsiveness to MBCT. Decreases in Subdoligranulum post-MBCT were indicative of ameliorated trait anxiety. The tryptophan metabolism pathways were significantly over-represented among high-responders compared to low-responders.Conclusion The significantly increased diversity post-MBCT added evidence to gut-brain communication, and highlighted the utility of mycobiota-focused strategies for promoting effectiveness and responsiveness of the MBCT to improve trait anxiety.Trial registration: Chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR1900028389. Registered 20 December 2019, http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=47167&htm=4
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