Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of different glucose monitoring methods on blood glucose control and the incidence of adverse events among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods. Using the method of literature review, the databases PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase were retrieved to obtain relevant research literature, and the selected studies were analyzed and evaluated. This study used Cochrane software RevMan5.4 to statistically analyze all the data. Results. A total of 15 studies were included in this study, including 10 randomized controlled trials and 5 crossover design trials, with a total of 2071 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM) could significantly reduce the HbA1c level of patients, weighted mean difference WMD = − 2.69 , 95% confidence interval (CI) (-4.25, -1.14), and P < 0.001 compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Meanwhile, the incidence of severe hypoglycemia in the CGM group was significantly decreased, risk ratio RR = 0.52 , 95% CI 0.35-0.77, and P = 0.001 . However, there was no statistical difference in the probability of diabetic ketoacidosis between CGM and SMBG groups, RR = 1.34 , 95% CI 0.57-3.15, and P = 0.5 . Conclusion. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is associated with lower blood glucose levels than the traditional blood glucose self-test method.

Objective. The objective of this study is to systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods. The databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang were searched to collect publications regarding physical exercises and GDM. The two researchers screened the literature, extracted the data, and analyzed the risk of bias of the included data using RevMan 5.3 software. The primary outcomes analyzed included the fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, premature delivery, cesarean section, neonatal macrosomia, premature rupture of membranes, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Results. A total of 9 studies with 1289 GDM patients were included. Compared with the control group, exercise could significantly reduce the 2-h postprandial blood glucose ( MD = − 0.62 , 95% CI (-0.91 to -0.34), Z = 4.29 , P < 0.0001 ), improve HbA1c( RR = − 0.47 , 95% CI (-0.81 to -0.13), Z = 2.69 , P = 0.007 ), reduce the cesarean section rate ( RR = 0.83 , 95% CI (0.71-0.98), Z = 2.25 , P = 0.02 ), and decrease the incidence of neonatal macrosomia in GDM patients ( RR = 0.57 , 95% CI (0.34-0.95), Z = 2.17 , P = 0.03 ). Conclusion. Exercise intervention can improve the blood glucose level of GDM patients, such as 2-h postprandial blood glucose and HbA1c. Meanwhile, exercise can also reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as premature birth and macrosomia. Therefore, prescribing exercise to GDM patients can effectively manage GDM and improve adverse pregnancy outcomes.