Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, progressive, and incurable neurodegenerative disease. Pharmacological treatment is the first‐line therapy for PD, including carbidopa–levodopa, dopamine agonists. However, some patients respond poorly to medication. For these patients, functional neurosurgical treatment is an important option. Magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a novel, minimally invasive surgical option for patients refractory to drugs. Currently, several important anatomical structures can be targeted by MRgFUS in the treatment of PD. However, there is no uniform standard for target selection. This review summarizes the clinical studies on MRgFUS for PD, focusing on the relationship between different treatment targets and the relieved symptoms, to help clinicians determine the ideal therapeutic target for individual patients. Evidence Level 5 Technical Efficacy Stage 4

BackgroundMagnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy has been implemented as a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of drug‐refractory essential tremor (ET). However, its impact on the brain structural network is still unclear.PurposeTo investigate both global and local alterations of the white matter (WM) connectivity network in ET after MRgFUS thalamotomy.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsTwenty‐seven ET patients (61 ± 11 years, 19 males) with MRgFUS thalamotomy and 28 healthy controls (HC) (61 ± 11 years, 20 males) were recruited for comparison.Field Strength/SequenceA 3 T/single shell diffusion tensor imaging by using spin‐echo‐based echo‐planar imaging, three‐dimensional T1 weighted imaging by using gradient‐echo‐based sequence.AssessmentPatients were undergoing MRgFUS thalamotomy and their clinical data were collected from pre‐operation to 6‐month post‐operation. Network topological metrics, including rich‐club organization, small‐world, and efficiency properties were calculated. Correlation between the topological metrics and tremor scores in ET groups was also calculated to assess the role of neural remodeling in the brain.Statistical TestsTwo‐sample independent t‐tests, chi‐squared test, ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and Spearman's correlation. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsFor ET patients, the strength of rich‐club connection and clustering coefficient significantly increased vs. characteristic path length decreased at 6‐month post‐operation compared with pre‐operation. The distribution pattern of rich‐club regions was different in ET groups. Specifically, the order of the rich‐club regions was changed according to the network degree value after MRgFUS thalamotomy. Moreover, the altered nodal efficiency in the right temporal pole of the superior temporal gyrus (R = 0.434–0.596) and right putamen (R = 0.413–0.436) was positively correlated with different tremor improvement.Data ConclusionThese findings might improve understanding of treatment‐induced modulation from a network perspective and may work as an objective marker in the assessment of ET tremor control with MRgFUS thalamotomy.Level of Evidence3Technical EfficacyStage 4