A modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was developed for the amperometric detection of biogenic amines, particularly histamine. The electrode was modified with the co-enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) by entrapment during electropolymerziation of pyrrole to form polypyrrole (PPy). This method formed a thin film on the electrode surface possessing very good stability with a shelf-life exceeding one month without loss of signal. Optimal conditions for the PQQ/PPy electrode were determined and a linear response was found for histamine in phosphate buffer (pH 6) at + 550 mV from 40 to 170 mg L À1 with a limit of detection (S/N ! 3) of 38 mg L À1. The practical linear range offered by this method suggests ideal use for spoilage detection in fermented foods.Keywords: Histamine, Amperometric biosensors, Quinone electrocatalysts, Polypyrrole DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300114 Histamine is a biogenic amine generated in some foods from the decarboxylation of free amino acid histidine, a process which can be catalyzed by decarboxylase enzymes found in several microorganisms. As one of the most biologically active biogenic amines, histamine has been shown to play a role in heart and smooth muscle function, neurological function, and gastric acid secretion [1]. The central role histamine plays in scombroid food poisoning (histamine poisoning), a common allergy-like illness that occurs when fish with high levels of histamine are ingested, is also a major physiological effect discussed in the literature [2,3]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports most cases of histamine poisoning when concentrations exceed 200 ppm and have set a guidance level of 50 ppm for edible fish [4]. Such large concentrations of histamine are not naturally found in food and are a by-product of mishandling and unsafe storage of foods with naturally high amounts of histidine. Factors such as those which contribute to bacterial growth (e.g., temperature, pH, moisture) also impact the amount of histamine produced. Other foods, particularly fermented foods such as sausages and cheeses, are also known to possess elevated levels of histamine and can also cause histamine poisoning or digestive issues in people with histamine intolerance [1].Due to the health concerns associated with elevated histamine levels in food, detection methods for histamine, as well as other potentially harmful biogenic amines such as putrescine, have received much attention. The positive correlation between histamine formation and the progression of food spoilage also makes histamine detection an attractive method for quality control purposes [3]. Several methods for histamine detection that exist utilize a non-specific detector coupled to a separation technique such as chromatography or electrophoresis [5][6][7][8][9]. Electrochemical detection methods are an attractive alternative that take advantage of their low cost, low maintenance, fast analysis, and simplicity of use. Despite the advantages of electroanalytical methods, the large overpotential required to ...

Numerous studies have shown that ochratoxins A (OTA) exerts diverse toxicological effects, namely, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, enterotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of embryonic exposure to OTA by different injection times and OTA doses on hatching quality and jejunal antioxidant capacity of ducks at hatching. In total, 480 fertilized eggs were weighed and randomly assigned into a 4 × 4 factorial design including four OTA doses (0, 2, 4, and 8 ng/g egg) on 8, 13, 18, and 23 of embryonic development (E8, E13, E18, and E23). Each treatment included 6 repeats with 5 eggs per repeat. The results showed that the injection time affected the hatching weight (P < 0.0001). The relative length of the jejunum and ileum on E18 and E23 was lower than on E8 and E13 (P < 0.05). Injection time, doses, and their interaction had no effect on jejunum morphology, namely, villous height (Vh), crypt depth (Cd), and villous height/crypt depth ratio Vh/Cd (P > 0.05). The injection time affected the activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.0001), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P < 0.05) and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P < 0.0001). The activity of SOD and T-AOC activities in the jejunum of ducklings injected with OTA at the E8 and E13 was lower than that injected at the E18 (P < 0.05). The highest MDA content was observed in ducklings injected with OTA at the E13 (P < 0.05). The injection time (P < 0.0001), OTA doses and their interaction affected the contents of IL-1β (P < 0.05), which significantly increased especially on E13. In conclusion, the embryo injected with ochratoxins A affected the hatching weight, the relative length of jejunum and ileum, decreased the antioxidant capacity and increased the content of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β of the jejunum.

According to the latest forest resources inventory data, this paper establishes a physical and monetary accounts of forest carbon sinks, and an exploratory balance sheet for those from 2008 to 2013 in China, on the basis of national economic accounting theory and the latest System of National Accounts of United Nations. The results show that forest carbon stocks in physics have increased from 2008 to 2013, the average annual growth rate is about 2.51%. Due to the decline of carbon sinks market price and the carbon sequestration in open forestland, the value of forest carbon stocks in monetary has decreased, by 0.37% per year. The built exploratory balance sheet of carbon sinks also shows that forest carbon assets are net outflows, which value 10.762 billion RMB yuan from 2008 to 2013. Based on the accounting results, the paper finally evaluates the economic significance of China's forest carbon sinks and gives some corresponding policy suggestions on its management. In addition, the paper points out that there are some errors in the balance sheet because of the statistical standards, classification and other reasons. The error rate is about 4.35%, less than 5% of statistical requirements, which indicate that establishing forest carbon sinks accounts are possible, and accounting of values of forest carbon sinks according to the existing data is necessary in China.

Forest resources accounting is a hot research issue currently. According to the latest forest resources inventory data in the 7 th and 8 th ones, this paper established physical and monetary accounts, and preliminary carried out forest resources accounting from 2008 to 2013 in China on the basis of national economic accounting theory and the latest System of National Accounts (SNA2008) and the System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA2012) of United Nations. The results show that forest resources in physics are increased from 2008 to 2013, the average annual growth rate for standing timber and forestlands is about 0.44% and 2.01% respectively. Forest resources in monetary are also increased, the average annual increasing rate is about 2.10%, the asset-liability ratio is 20.86%, less than the safety warning line 75% of asset-liability ratio. The study also discussed some issues on forest resources accounting and management etc. according to the results of the study in China.

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