L. 2005. Floral vasculature in Alpinia hainanensis in relation to the nature of the labellum in gingers. -Nord. J. Bot. 23: 545-553. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107-055X.Observations presented here on floral vasculature in Alpinia hainanensis indicate that the labellum incorporates elements of five androecial members rather than two or three, as suggested by previous authors for Zngiberaceae flowers. The pedicel contains an outer ring and a central region of vascular bundles. Three carpellary dorsal bundles (CDs) and three alternatively arranged parietal bundles (PBs) separate from the central region successively. The remaining bundles of the central region run upwards and become the placental bundles to supply ovules. The placental bundles terminate between the top of the locular region and the base of the prolongation. The three PBs divides into about five strands respectively. Of which the outer strand enters into the petal being its midrib and the remaining strands move into the stamen adaxially being the vasculature of the functional stamen and the labellum abaxially being the lateral strands of the labellum. The three CDs divide into about five traces, of which the outer strand becomes the midrib of each sepal and the inner strand runs into the style. The remaining traces re-unite, re-divide again in the course up and the two adaxial sets of carpellary dorsals finally enter into the labellum being the marginal traces of it while the abaxial single strand enters into the labellum being its midrib. The two anterolateral glands receive small traces without lignified tube elements from the vascular plexus, which fonn in prolongation from both PBs and CDs and a few small strands in the ovary wall. There are no subulate appendages differentiated in the flower of Alpinia hainanensis. Hereby, the median of the sepals, both the marginal portions and the median of labellum, and the style have the same origin in vasculature from the CDs and so do the stamen, the lateral portions of labellum and the median of the petals from PBs. The labellum is supposed to represent three members of the outer androecial whorl by its two marginal portions and the median and two members of the inner whorl by its two lateral parts except the median.

This paper aims at testing the influence of emission factors on travelers’ behavior of route choice. The generalized travel cost is defined as the linear weighted sum of emission factors, travel time, and travel time reliability. The relational model of exhaust volume and traffic volume is established using the BPR (Bureau of Public Road) function to calculate the cost of travel regarding emission. The BPR function is used to measure the road segment travel time, while the reliability is used to quantify the cost of travel time fluctuation. At last, the route choice model considering the generalized travel cost is established based on the game theory. The calculating and analyzing of results under a miniature road network show that the weight coefficient of travel cost influences the travelers’ behavior of route choice remarkably and the route choice model which takes emission into account can reduce the exhaust of road network effectively, approximately 11.4% in this case.