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Vertical specialization (VS) is often measured by the import contents of the exports, using an input-output (I-O) framework. Half of China's exports are processing exports, which largely depend on imported intermediate inputs and tie up upstream as well as downstream trade partners. Thus, one would expect to find strong VS for China. Using the 'ordinary' I-O tables, however, this is not the case. Because the production of processing exports is only a small part of total production, the average input structure in the I-O table hides the typical features of processing exports. Using adapted, tripartite I-O tables (for 2002 and 2007) in which the processing exports have been singled out, indeed reveals the expected strong VS in China.

Water pricing plays a crucial role in water resources management. Water shadow price is an important reference in setting water price. It was said that in practice it is almost impossible to obtain water shadow price by solving a linear programming model. In this paper we use water conservancy economy input-occupancyoutput tables of the nine Chinese major river basins, and combining input-output analysis method with linear programming method we develop a linear programming model with restrictions on the final demand, total output, trade balance and water availability. We estimate the water shadow prices for industrial water and productive water for the nine Chinese major river basins in 1999 and compared these results with the real industrial water price in China in 1999. Then, for operational purposes and to estimate the shadow prices of industrial water and productive water more easily, and using a Gauss-Newton nonlinear simulation method, we present two nonlinear models that relate the ratio of the volume of water used to the total water resources volume with the shadow prices to predict shadow prices of industrial water and productive water in 2020 and 2030 in China and its nine major river basins.