Ultrasound and nuclear medicine appear to be the modalities of choice when dealing with the imaging study of the urinary system in infants. In children, a CT scan does not have the impact it has had on adults, since pediatric patients present with different pathologies and also because of the peculiar physiological conditions of childhood. The Uro-resonance has emerged as a powerful and useful diagnostic tool, bringing together in a single study anatomical images and functional information as well without the use of ionizing radiation. We review the technical aspects, anatomical and physiological concepts of the study, while providing examples of current applications in the infant.

Limb length discrepancy or anisomelia has long been objectified with imaging.The biomechanical implications for patients with a developing skeleton are more relevant than the cosmetic aspects, both in treatment and in follow-up. The aim of this publication is to review the most common causes of lower limb asymmetry in children, with emphasis on imaging findings, which are of great importance for clinical management. A retrospective review was performed on patients younger than 15 years, who required evaluation at our center for lower limb asymmetry, using simple X-ray, CT scan and /or MRI. The anatomical findings and morphometric analysis were recorded for each case. The causes of limb length discrepancy are many, including congenital and sequelae conditions. A knowledge and proper assessment of the imaging findings helps to improve and standardize the radiology report.

Material y métodosRevisión retrospectiva de pacientes menores de 15 años que presentaron tortícolis entre sus síntomas de ingreso, entre junio del 2007 y julio del 2011, evaluados con radiografía simple, ultrasonido, tomografía computada (TC) o resonancia magnética (RM).

Uretrocystography in Children: Parents' Perception Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) has been usually consider as a painful and badly tolerated procedure in children. This opinion is not agree with local experience of the authors. Objective: To evaluate the parent's perception about VCUG in children before and after the procedure. Methods: In 2009, parents of children who came to Radiology Department for a VCUG completed an anonymous survey, including age and sex of their children, physician referent specialty, information received about the exam, expectation before and opinion after the procedure. Results: During 12 months 86 surveys were evaluated; patient's age was ranged between 1 month to 8 years with 52.3% (45) girls and 47.7% (41) males. Patients were referred from general pediatric in 59% or nephrology practice in 33%; 20% of the patients did not receive any information about the procedure before. About the expectation of VCUG, previous the exam, parents considered the examination as a pediatrician visit in 2.3%, uncomfortable in 26.7%, a little painful in 16.3%, painful in 21% and aggressive or terrible in 33.7%. After the examination, parents' opinion was: 24.4% as a pediatrician visit, 45.3% uncomfortable, 22.1% a little painful, 4.7% painful and 3.5% aggressive or terrible. The global parents' perception about VCUG after the exam improved in 66% cases, did not change in 29% and went worse in 5%. Conclusion: Parent's perception about VCUG in children signifi cantly improves after the procedure; in 91.8% the examination was considered uncomfortable or only a little painful.

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