Precise extrinsic afferent (visceral sensory) and efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of the gut is fundamental for gut-brain cross talk. Owing to the limitation of intrinsic markers to distinctively visualize the three classes of extrinsic axons, which intimately associate within the gut mesentery, detailed information on the development of extrinsic gut-innervating axons remains relatively sparse. Here, we mapped extrinsic innervation of the gut and explored the relationships among various types of extrinsic axons during embryonic development in mice. Visualization with characterized intrinsic markers revealed that visceral sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic axons arise from different anatomic locations, project in close association via the gut mesentery, and form distinctive innervation patterns within the gut from embryonic day (E)10.5 to E16.5. Genetic ablation of visceral sensory trajectories results in the erratic extension of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons, implicating that afferent axons provide an axonal scaffold to route efferent axons. Coculture assay further confirmed the attractive effect of sensory axons on sympathetic axons. Taken together, our study provides key information regarding the development of extrinsic gut-innervating axons occurring through heterotypic axonal interactions and provides an anatomic basis to uncover neural circuit assembly in the gut-brain axis (GBA).

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With the rapid development of the integrated circuit industry, hardware Trojan detection has become a research hotspot in the field of hardware security. Logic testing is a very effective method among Trojan detection. However, the test vector set generated by this method increases sharply with the increase of circuit size. And it is difficult to rapidly detect hardware Trojans, even affecting the availability of detection technology. Therefore, this paper presents a hardware Trojan detection method that can effectively reduce the test vector set and enhance the pertinence of test vector set. By constructing the rare combination array (RCA) of circuit, the range of rare node combinations is effectively reduced. And the size of the test vector set is shortened by at least once excitation of rare combination array (OERCA). Experiments show that the hardware Trojan detection method proposed in this paper can reduce greatly the length of test vector set compared to other methods based on logic testing.