Hornworts, liverworts and mosses are three early diverging clades of land plants, and together comprise the bryophytes. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the hornwort Anthoceros angustus. Phylogenomic inferences confirm the monophyly of bryophytes, with hornworts sister to liverworts and mosses. The simple morphology of hornworts correlates with low genetic redundancy in plant body plan, while the basic transcriptional regulation toolkit for plant development has already been established in this early land plant lineage. Although the Anthoceros genome is small and characterized by minimal redundancy, expansions are observed in gene families related to RNA editing, UV protection and desiccation tolerance. The genome of A. angustus bears the signatures of horizontally transferred genes from bacteria and fungi, in particular of genes operating in stress-response and metabolic pathways. Our study provides insight into the unique features of hornworts and their molecular adaptations to live on land.

If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections.

Private participation is the key element in forming public private partnership (PPP). Numerous studies have identified the factors of private participation in infrastructure projects, but previous results rarely focused on the willingness to participate in infrastructure PPP projects from the private sector's perspective. This research examines the factors of the private participation in PPP when considering willingness to participate as a function of internal (i.e., a firm's nature) and external factors (i.e., institutions, government behavior, and project characteristics). Using the logistic regression model and the data from the questionnaire survey, this research finds that nine variables have a significant coefficient, i.e. profitability, political connection, government intervention, government support, project complexity, and project experience; especially for those companies with more project experiences, political connection and higher profitability are more likely to be willing to participate in PPP projects. In contrast to previous studies, the research finds no support for the effect of institutional environment and public support on firms' willingness to participate in PPP. These findings can serve as a valuable reference in shaping the private sector's motivation to participate in PPP. Factors of private participation in PPP projects are explained and discussed in the context of the Chinese PPP experience and practice.