Blueberry fruits have a wide range of health benefits because of their abundant anthocyanins, which are natural antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of blueberry's two main anthocyanins (malvidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-galactoside) on inflammatory response in endothelial cells. These two malvidin glycosides could inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced increases of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) production both in the protein and mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Mv-3-glc at the concentration of 1 μM could inhibit 35.9% increased MCP-1, 54.4% ICAM-1, and 44.7% VCAM-1 protein in supernatant, as well as 9.88% MCP-1 and 48.6% ICAM-1 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). In addition, they could decrease IκBα degradation (Mv-3-glc, Mv-3-gal, and their mixture at the concentration of 50 μM had the inhibition rate of 84.8%, 75.3%, and 43.2%, respectively, p < 0.01) and block the nuclear translocation of p65, which suggested their anti-inflammation mechanism was mediated by the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2014, 19 12828 pathway. In general malvidin-3-glucoside had better anti-inflammatory effect than malvidin-3-galactoside. These results indicated that blueberry is good resource of anti-inflammatory anthocyanins, which can be promising molecules for the development of nutraceuticals to prevent chronic inflammation in many diseases.

A novel nitrogen-containing compound, named xylactam (1), was isolated from the fruiting bodies of ascomycete Xylaria euglossa together with two known compounds penochalasin B2 and neoechinulin A. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data. Fruiting bodies of Xylaria euglossa were collected at Ailao mountain of Yunnan province, P. R. China, in July, 2002 and identified by Prof. Mu Zang, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The air-dried fruiting bodies of X. euglossa (0.5 kg) were crushed and extracted with chloroform/methanol (1/1, v/v) four times at room temperature. The combined extracts were concentrated in vacuo to give a syrup (25 g), which was partitioned between chloroform and water. The chloroform soluble part (17 g) was subjected to silica gel column chromatography employing a gradient elution with chloroform/methanol (from 100 : 0 to 85 : 15, v/v) to give six fractions. Fraction II (100 : 1, v/v) was chromatographed on silica gel (petroleum ether/acetone 85 : 15), yielding penochalasin B2 (30 mg). Fraction III (98 : 2, v/v) was rechromatographed through silica gel, eluting with petroleum ether/acetone 80 : 20 (v/v) to give neoechinulin A (5 mg). Fraction VI (85 : 15, v/v) was passed through Sephadex LH-20, eluting with chloroform/methanol (1 : 1, v/v). A fraction exhibited strong yellow and white-blue fluorescence at 254 nm and was further purified on silica gel in petroleum ether/acetone (7 : 3, v/v) to afford compound 1 (8 mg). KeywordsXylactam (1) was obtained as a white powder. Its molecular formula was determined as C 23 H 31 NO 6 from the quasi-molecular ion peak at m/z 418.2211 ([MϩH] ϩ , calcd. 418.2229) in the positive-ion HR-ESI-MS. Twenty-three signals in the 13 C-NMR (DEPT) spectra of 1 were recognized (9ϫC, 2ϫCH, 11ϫCH 2 , 1ϫCH 3 ), including three carbonyl C-atoms (d 172.4, 173.5 and 204.0) and six aromatic quartery C-atoms (d 102.5, 120.8, 125.9, 128.2, 155.0, 164.8). To fulfill the molecular formula of

A taxonomic study was carried out on a cellulase-producing bacterium, strain G21 T , isolated from mangrove soil in Xiamen, Fujian province, China. Cells were Gram-negative, slightly curved rods, motile with a single polar flagellum. The strain grew at 15-40 6C and in 0.5-10 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain G21 T belonged to the genus Vibrio and formed a clade with Vibrio furnissii ATCC 350116 T (97.4 % sequence similarity), V. fluvialis LMG 7894 T (97.1 %) and V. ponticus CECT 5869 T (96.1 %). However, multilocus sequence analysis (using rpoA, recA, mreB, gapA, gyrB and pyrH sequences) and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that the strain was distinct from the closest related Vibrio species. Additionally, strain G21 T could be differentiated from them phenotypically by the ability to grow in 10 % NaCl but not on TCBS plates, its enzyme activity spectrum, citrate utilization, oxidization of various carbon sources, hydrolysis of several substrates and its cellular fatty acid profile. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 46.0 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 v7c and/or iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH), C 16 : 0 and C 18 : 1 v7c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, with trace amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant quinones were Q-8 and Q-7. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, it is concluded that strain G21 T represents a novel species of the genus Vibrio, for which the name Vibrio xiamenensis sp.nov. is proposed. The type strain is G21 T (5DSM 22851 T 5CGMCC 1.10228 T ).Vibrios, belonging to the family Vibrionaceae, are Gramnegative, usually motile rods, mesophilic and chemo-organotrophic, and have a facultatively fermentative metabolism (Baumann et al., 1984). They are common inhabitants of aquatic environments, especially the ocean, and are known to live either freely or associated as symbionts with aquatic animals in marine or estuarine waters, or as parasites of fish, crustaceans and molluscs (Thompson et al., 2004). During the last decade, the number of Vibrio species has increased rapidly, and more than 70 Vibrio species have been recognized at the time of writing (Chang et al., 2008;Gomez-Gil et al., 2008;Rameshkumar et al., 2008; BeazHidalgo et al., 2009;Yoshizawa et al., 2009;Xu et al., 2009;Bleicher et al., 2010; Diéguez et al., 2011;Sheu et al., 2011;Wang et al., 2010Wang et al., , 2011Chimetto et al., 2011a, b;Hoffmann et al., 2012). In 2007, a Vibrio-like bacterium, strain G21 T , producing cellulase (endo-b-1,4-glucanase, Cel5A), was isolated from mangrove soil samples collected from Xiamen, Fujian province, China (Gao et al., 2010). Here, the exact taxonomic position of strain G21T was determined by a polyphasic taxonomic approach.Isolation and purification of strain G21T were described previously (Gao et al., 2010). The reference strains used, Vibrio fluvialis LMG 7894 T and Vibrio furni...