Ginseng rusty root (GRR) symptom is one of the primary diseases of ginseng. There has been a problem of ginseng rusty root, leading to a severe decline in the quality of ginseng. To clarify the relationship between root symptoms of ginseng rust and soil, the physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, community structure and microbial diversity of GRR and healthy ginseng (HG) rhizosphere soil were analyzed and compared. The pH and redox potential (Eh) of GRR soil decreased, and the contents of total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) decreased. The activity of catalase and phosphatase and invertase was lower than that of HG groups. Besides, the microbial community of GRR rhizosphere soil changes much, and its abundance and diversity are significantly reduced. The community structure of GRR rhizosphere soil also shows apparent differences, and the samples of the HG group gathered together, and the samples of the GRR group were dispersed. In general, GRR was closely associated with decreases in soil pH and Eh; decreases in TP, AP, and AK; decreases in the activity of several enzymes. Additionally, it is strongly associated with an increase in pathogenic microorganisms such as Ilyonectria and a reduction of beneficial microorganisms such as Tremellomycetes Acidobacteria subgroup 6 and Gemmatimonadetes.

BACKGROUND In China, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus is a delicious wild vegetable. It is also used to treat inflammation and pain. Chiisanoside (CSS) is the main constituent of the leaf of A. sessiliflorus. Combined use of lipopolysaccharide and d‐galactosamine (LPS/D‐GalN) can induce acute liver failure in human beings, and there are no reports on the protective effect of CSS against LPS/D‐GalN‐induced acute liver injury in mice. RESULTS Chiisanoside pretreatment evidently reduced the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in the changes induced by LPS/D‐GalN, and these histopathological changes induced by LPS/GalN were significantly weakened. Catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity decreased after CSS treatment compared with LPS/D‐GalN treatment. Pretreatment with CSS also inhibited the expression levels of inflammatory factors. The administration of CSS prevented the phosphorylated expression of inhibitor kappa B (IκB) kinase, and led to a significant increase in heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) expression and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION The protective effects of CSS are attributed to its antioxidative effect and inflammatory suppression in Nuclear factor kappa beta (NF‐κB) and Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathways. Chiisanoside might therefore be a potential ingredient for drug and food development against acute liver injury in the future. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Chissanoside from Acanthopanax species exhibits anti-tumor activity by protecting liver function, regulating immunity, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis.

Background Ginseng rusty root symptoms (GRS) is one of the primary diseases of ginseng. This disease leads to a severe decline in the quality of ginseng. It has been shown that the occurrence of GRS is associated with soil environmental degradation, which may involve changes in soil microbiology and physicochemical properties. Results In this study, GRS and healthy ginseng (HG) samples were used as experimental materials for comparative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. Compared with those in HG samples, 949 metabolites and 9451 genes were significantly changed at the metabolic and transcriptional levels in diseased samples. The diseased tissues’ metabolic patterns changed, and the accumulation of various organic acids, alkaloids, alcohols and phenols in diseased tissues increased significantly. There were significant differences in the expression of genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the peroxidase pathway, and the plant-pathogen interaction pathway. Conclusion The current study involved a comparative metabolome and transcriptome analysis of GRS and HG samples. Based on the findings at the transcriptional and metabolic levels, a mechanism model of the ginseng response to GRS was established. Our results provide new insights into ginseng’s response to GRS, which will reveal the potential molecular mechanisms of this disease in ginseng.

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