Objective. Sepsis, a life-threatening clinical syndrome, is a leading cause of mortality after experiencing multiple traumas. Once diagnosed with sepsis, patients should be given an appropriate empiric antimicrobial treatment followed by the specific antibiotic therapy based on blood culture due to its rapid progression to tissue damage and organ failure. In this study, we aimed to analyze the risk factors and outcome of sepsis in traumatic patients and to investigate the performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) compared with standard microbiological diagnostics in post-traumatic sepsis. Methods. The study included 528 patients with multiple traumas among which there were 142 cases with post-traumatic sepsis. Patients’ demographic and clinical data were recorded. The outcome measures included mortality during the emergency intensive care unit (EICU), EICU length of stay (LOS), all-cause 28-day mortality, and total ventilator days in 28 days after admission. A total of 89 blood samples from 89 septic patients underwent standard microbiological blood cultures and 89 samples of peripheral blood (n = 21), wound secretion (n = 41), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (19), ascites (n = 5), and sputum (n = 3) underwent mNGS. Pathogen detection was compared between standard microbiological blood cultures and mNGS. Results. The sepsis group and non-sepsis group exhibited significant differences regarding shock on admission, blood transfusion, mechanical ventilation, body temperature, heart rate, WBC count, neutrophil count, hematocrit, urea nitrogen, creatinine, CRP, D-D dimer, PCT, scores of APACHE II, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), and Injury Severity Score (ISS) on admission to the EICU, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndromes (MODS) ( P < 0.05 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that scores of APACHE II, SOFA, and ISS on admission, and MODS were independent risk factors for the occurrence of sepsis in patients with multiple traumas. The 28-day mortality was higher in the sepsis group than in the non-sepsis group (45.07% vs. 19.17%, P < 0.001 ). The mortality during the EICU was higher in the sepsis group than in the non-sepsis group ( P = 0.002 ). The LOS in the EICU in the sepsis group was increased compared with the non-sepsis group ( P = 0.004 ). The total ventilator days in 28 days after admission in the sepsis group was increased compared with the non-sepsis group ( P < 0.001 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that septic shock, APACHE II score on admission, SOFA score, and MODS were independent risk factors of death for patients with post-traumatic sepsis. The positive detection rate of mNGS was 91.01% (81/89), which was significantly higher than that of standard microbiological blood cultures (39.33% (35/89)). Standard microbiological blood cultures and mNGS methods demonstrated double positive results in 33 (37.08%) specimens and double-negative results in 8 (8.99%) specimens, while 46 (51.69%) samples and 2 (2.25%) samples had positive results only with mNGS or culture alone, respectively. Conclusion. Our study identifies risk factors for the incidence and death of sepsis in traumatic patients and shows that mNGS may serve as a better diagnostic tool for the identification of pathogens in post-traumatic sepsis than standard microbiological blood cultures.
Background: Recent studies noted that circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) were closely related to metabolic states. The study aimed to explore the changes of GDF15 levels and their influencing factors after 4 weeks of lifestyle intervention (LI) or LI combined with breakfast meal replacement (LI+MR) in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: A total of 84 patients with available serum samples at both baseline and Week 4 were enrolled in this biomarker substudy. All subjects underwent a 2-hour 75g oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and Week 4. Serum GDF15 levels were determined by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: After 4-weeks of LI, GDF15 levels overall significantly decreased compared with baseline (P<0.05). ∆GDF15 levels were significantly and negatively associated with baseline GDF15 levels (r=–0.450, P<0.001). The optimal cut-off point of baseline GDF15 levels for predicting a GDF15 decrease after 4-weeks of LI was 904.57 pg/ml, with an area under curve of 0.699. Based on the cut-off point of 900 pg/ml, patients with baseline GDF15 ≥900 pg/ml had significantly decreased GDF15 levels after LI, while those <900 pg/ml had no significant changes. Regression models showed that baseline GDF15 level was an independent positive factor for the improvement of fasting plasma glucose and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance only in patients with baseline GDF15 levels ≥900 pg/ml. Conclusions: LI led to significantly decreased GDF15 levels among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and its effect was more significant among patients with baseline GDF15 levels ≥900 pg/ml.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02248714. Registered 25 September 2014 - Retrospectively registered, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02248714?term=NCT02248714&draw=2&rank=1
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