In this review article, the latest developments of the four most common additive manufacturing methods for metallic materials are reviewed, including powder bed fusion, direct energy deposition, binder jetting, and sheet lamination. In addition to the process principles, the microstructures and mechanical properties of AM-fabricated parts are comprehensively compared and evaluated. Finally, several future research directions are suggested.

Micelles of dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DMDAO) are known to exhibit sphere-to-rod transitions as a function of pH and ionic strength. Long micelles are stabilized at pH corresponding to half-protonation, because hydrogen bonding between nonionic and protonated monomers yields an effectively double-tailed monomer whose geometry favors cylindrical growth. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to follow particle size distribution as a function of pH, ionic strength (I), and surfactant concentration. The key finding was the coexistence of spherical micelles with rodlike ones at 4 < pH < 6 and I > 0.2 M. These observations have been verified by varying the algorithm used for the Laplace transformation of the autocorrelation function and also with different DLS systems. The effect of surfactant concentration was used to confirm the absence of any influence of micelle-micelle interaction on the dynamics of diffusion. A molecular level self-consistent field analysis of finite size rodlike micelles confirms the idea that the endcaps are swollen with respect to the cylindrical part. The theoretical results support the coexistence of rods and spherical micelles, i.e., the existence of gaps in the size distribution of wormlike micelles. The cause of coexistence has been explained in terms of the instability of dumbbell-like micelles with domains of negative curvature (neck). The endcap energy is shown to be given (in first order) by the grand potential of spherical micelles that coexist with the wormlike micelles.

This review article summarizes the latest information about the manufacturing techniques of lanthanum zirconate (La2Zr2O7, LZ) powder and La2Zr2O7 based thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Lanthanum zirconate is a promising candidate material for TBC applications, due to its lower thermal conductivity and higher thermal stability compared to other traditional TBC systems. In this work, the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the powder and coatings are evaluated. The durability experiments of the TBCs in various thermal, mechanical, and corrosive conditions is also reviewed. In addition, theoretical studies on the powder and coatings properties are presented. Finally, future research directions of lanthanum zirconate as TBC applications are proposed.