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PH prevalence was 38.23 % in MHD patients, a ratio increased in individuals with concurrent diabetes. Other major risk factors for PH in MHD patients include declined hemoglobin levels and increased interdialytic weight gain.

A formic acid oxidation electro-catalyst with ultra-low palladium (Pd) loading was prepared via an ionic exchange method by utilizing the acidic functional groups on graphene oxide (GO). After simultaneous reduction of exchanged Pd 2+ and residual functional groups on the GO surface, an ionic exchange reduced Pd catalyst supported on reduced GO (IE-Pd/rGO) was obtained. Three times improved formic acid oxidation mass activity compared with that of the conventional synthesized Pd/C catalyst was exhibited for the IE-Pd/rGO catalyst. More importantly, formic acid oxidation stability on the IE-Pd/rGO catalyst was remarkably improved due to synergistic effect of the strong immobilization of Pd nanoparticles and the effect of in situ doped N on the rGO support.

An in‐situ organic‐inorganic hybrid strategy is proposed for proton exchange membrane (PEM) preparation based on a hyperbranched polyamide proton conductive macromolecule. With similar effects on proton conductivity and methanol permeability as that of the conventional organic‐inorganic hybrid strategy, the in‐situ organic‐inorganic hybrid one showed much better retention capacity on mechanical stability. With trace amount of TiO2 nanoparticle, acting as a model inorganic filler in this work, methanol permeability of a previously developed macromolecular polyamide proton conductor, which already showed higher proton conductivity and methanol resistivity than the commercial Nafion membrane, is further reduced by ca. 20 % while the proton conductivity is only slightly decayed. More importantly, mechanical strength of the in‐situ hybrid membrane remained almost the same as that of the original polymeric membrane while the conventional hybrid strategy would lead to a 25 % tensile strength loss.