BackgroundThere is a very large population of internal migrants in China, and the majority of migrant women are of childbearing age. Little is known about their utilization of prenatal care and factors that influence this. We examined this using data from a large national survey of migrants.Methods5372 married rural to urban migrant women aged 20–34 who were included in the 2014 National Dynamic Monitoring Survey on Migrants and who delivered a baby within the previous two years were studied. We examined demographic and migration experience predictors of prenatal care in the first trimester and of adequate prenatal visits.Results12.6% of migrant women reported no examination in the first trimester and 27.6% had less than 5 prenatal visits during their latest pregnancy. Multivariate analysis indicated that demographic predictors of delayed and inadequate care included lower educational level, lower income and not having childbearing insurance. Migrating before pregnancy, longer time since migration, having migrated a greater distance, and not returning to their home town for delivery were correlated with better prenatal care.ConclusionsMany internal migrant women in China do not receive adequate prenatal care. While internal migration before pregnancy seems to promote adequate prenatal care, it also creates barriers to receiving care. Strategies to improve prenatal care utilization include expanding access to childbearing insurance and timely education for women before and after they migrate.

Objective: China's family planning program focuses on younger women. Women older than 50 years, especially those in rural areas, are ineligible for free services and often have few other care options. Few studies have examined the sexual and reproductive health demands and unmet needs of these women.Methods: This cross-sectional, interviewer-administered survey included 1,652 rural women aged 50 to 64 years from seven provinces in China. We examined women's sexual and reproductive health status, knowledge, and service demands, and whether they still had an intrauterine device (IUD).Results: Educational levels were low, and most were rural farmers or housewives. The mean age at menopause was 48.9 years, and 52.4% reported climacteric symptoms. The mean frequency of sex in the last month was 1.8 times. About 47.4% of women had undergone a gynecological examination during the past 2 years. The first choice for care was family planning clinics (31.2%) followed by township hospitals (28.4%). Identified service needs included women's health check-ups (56.5%), sexual health knowledge (54.4%), women's health knowledge (35.4%), menopause counseling (34.8%), and IUD removal after menopause (17.0%). Among 519 postmenopausal women who used an IUD, 19.1% had not had it removed. On multivariate regression, awareness of correct time for IUD removal, beliefs about sex after menopause, receiving formal health education, and undergoing gynecological examination were significantly associated with having had IUD removal.Conclusions: A large proportion of middle-aged women in rural China lack sexual and reproductive health services, including IUD removal after menopause. A comprehensive program of sexual and reproductive health services is needed for middle-aged women in rural China.Key Words: Unmet needs Y Sexual and reproductive health Y Middle-aged women Y Intrauterine device Y China. C hina has been implementing its national family planning program since the beginning of the 1980s, and the total fertility rate has fallen far below the replacement level, resulting in a special population structure with a massive proportion of middle-aged women, particularly women aged 50 to 64 years, who nowadays greatly outnumber women in early reproductive ages. In 2010, there were an estimated 76.7 million women aged 50 to 64 years, who had made great contributions to the national family planning movement when they were younger. They now represent about 11.8% of the total 650 million female population in China, and the size of this age group is continuously growing.1 China's family planning program mainly focused on married women aged 15 to 49 years, providing contraceptive services only. After reaching age 50 years, Chinese women are no longer eligible for free sexual and reproductive health services under this program, and many women, especially those in rural areas, have limited access to health care from other sources. These circumstances result in two challenges to the care of Chinese middle-aged women: serving a rapidly expanding...

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Women of late reproductive age in rural China are not receiving as regular care as younger women. This study identifies sociodemographic and health service correlates for service-seeking behavior, many of which are modifiable. Health services should pay greater attention to this group, including community-based efforts to encourage routine examinations and appropriate use of health services.