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Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles of a diameter of less than 5 mm and a major carrier of pollution. In accordance with its diameter range, MPs can be divided into microplastics (100–5 mm) and nanoplastics (<100 nm). In recent years, in addition to the impact of MPs on the environment, the ways in which MPs affect the body has also attracted continuous attention. However, relevant studies on the cytotoxicity of MPs are not comprehensive. Based on the current research, this paper summarizes four main cytotoxic mechanisms of MPs, inducing oxidative stress, damaging cell membrane organelles, inducing immune response, and genotoxicity. Generally, MPs cause cytotoxicity such as oxidative stress, damage to cell membranes and organelles, activation of immune responses, and genotoxicity through mechanical damage or induction of cells to produce reactive oxygen species. Understanding these toxic mechanisms is helpful for the evaluation and prevention of human toxicity of MPs. This paper also analyzes the limitations of current research and prospects for future research into cellular MPs, with the aim of providing a scientific basis and reference for further research into the toxic mechanism of MPs.

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Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of butylphthalide combined with edaravone d-borneol in elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction. Methods: From October 2020 - October 2021, 166 elderly patients suffering from acute cerebral infarction in Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise City, China were selected as the study subjects, and randomly divided into study and control groups, respectively, with 83 patients each. Control group was treated with edaravone d-borneol injection (15 mL of edaravone d-borneol in 100 mL of saline), while the study group was treated with butylphthalide and sodium chloride injection, combined with edaravone d-borneol injection (15 mL of edaravone d-borneol and 30 mL of butylphthalide and sodium chloride in 100 mL of saline). Clinical efficacy, as well as the levels of cytokines, viz, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, vascular endothelial function indicators, namely, nitric oxide (NO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as oxidative stress indicators, viz, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the two groups were evaluated. Results: Total efficacy/effectiveness in the study group was 93.98 %, which was significantly higher than 73.49 % in the control group (p < 0.05). Post-treatment, the levels of cytokines, vascular endothelial function and oxidative stress in the two groups were significantly improved compared with the values before treatment (p < 0.05). Furthermore, patients in the study group showed better treatment outcomes when compared with control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of butylphthalide and sodium chloride injection with edaravone d-borneol injection (15 mL of edaravone d-borneol and 30 mL of butylphthalide and sodium chloride in 100 mL of saline) is more effective than edaravone d-borneol injection (15 mL of edaravone d-borneol in 100 mL of saline) alone in the treatment of elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction, as it regulates microcirculation and improves cellular inflammatory state and oxidative stress reaction. However, further clinical trials should be conducted prior to application in clinical practice.