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With a suite of multi-modal and multi-scale characterization techniques, the present study unambiguously proves that a substantially-improved combination of ultrahigh strength and good ductility can be achieved by tailoring the volume fraction, morphology, and carbon content of the retained austenite (RA) in a transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) steel with the nominal chemical composition of 0.19C-0.30Si-1.76Mn-1.52Al (weight percent, wt.%). After intercritical annealing and bainitic holding, a combination ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1,100 MPa and true strain of 50% has been obtained, as a result of the ultrafine RA lamellae, which are alternately arranged in the bainitic ferrite around junction regions of ferrite grains. For reference, specimens with a blocky RA, prepared without the bainitic holding, yield a low ductility (35%) and a low UTS (800 MPa). The volume fraction, morphology, and carbon content of RA have been characterized using various techniques, including magnetic probing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron-backscatter-diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interrupted tensile tests, mapped using EBSD in conjunction with the kernel average misorientation (KAM) analysis, reveal that the lamellar RA is the governing microstructure component responsible for the higher mechanical stability, compared to the blocky one. By coupling these various techniques, we quantitatively demonstrate that in addition to the RA volume fraction, its morphology and carbon content are equally important in optimizing the strength and ductility of TRIP-assisted steels.

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The post-dynamic transformation (post-DT), which could occur during isothermal holding after hot deformation, was investigated by using both dilatometry method and optical microstructural observation in a plain low carbon steel. The results indicates that the kinetics of post-DT at deformation temperature between Ae 3 and Ar 3 can be well described by the Avrami equation: Xϭ1Ϫexp(Ϫkt n ), but the n value is lower than that of the corresponding static transformation due to the early impingement of formed ferrite grains. Furthermore, the ferrite-to-austenite re-transformation was measured by dilatometry during the isothermal holding after hot deformation above Ae 3 temperature, which suggests that dynamic transformation can indeed occur even above Ae 3 .