Surgery groups showed better late clinical outcomes after one year and higher complication rate throughout the follow-up duration, although it had no significant differences compared with conservative groups in the first six months post-treatment. However, there was no evidence that a definitive method could be firmly recommended to LSS patients. Further researches were needed to achieve high quality and credible results.

No abstract

Although patients who received IPD may obtain several benefits in the short term, it was associated with higher costs, reoperation rates. Both IPD and bony decompression were acceptable strategies for LSS, but the risks, indications, and costs of IPD should be carefully taken into account before surgery.