A novel diffraction data integration method is presented, EVAL15, based upon ab initio calculation of three‐dimensional (x, y, ω) reflection profiles from a few physical crystal and instrument parameters. Net intensities are obtained by least‐squares fitting the observed profile with the calculated standard using singular value decomposition. This paper shows that profiles can be predicted satisfactorily and that accurate intensities are obtained. The detailed profile analysis has the additional advantage that specific physical properties of the crystal are revealed. The EVAL15 method is particularly useful in circumstances where other programs fail, such as regions of reciprocal space with weak scattering, crystals with anisotropic shape or anisotropic mosaicity, Kα1/Kα2 peak splitting, interference from close neighbours, twin lattices, or satellite reflections of modulated structures, all of which may frustrate the customary profile learning and fitting procedures. EVAL15 allows the deconvolution of overlapping reflections.

Lithium-sulfur battery is one of the most promising secondary battery systems due to their high energy density and low material cost. During the past decade, great progress has been achieved in promoting the performances of LiÀ S batteries by addressing the challenges at the laboratory-level model systems. With growing attention paid to the application of LiÀ S batteries, new challenges at practical cell scales emerge as the bottleneck. However, challenges remain for the commercialization of lithium-sulfur batteries. The current review mainly focused on metalbased catalysts decorated-carbon materials for enhanced lithium sulfur battery performance. Firstly, the synthesis methods of various carbon-sulfur composites are discussed, as well as the influence of different material structures on the electrochemical performance. Secondly, a variety of catalysts, including metal atoms, metal oxides, sulfides, phosphides, nitrides, and carbidedecorated carbon nanomaterials, are systematically introduced to determine how lithium can be enhanced by suppressing polysulfides and promoting redox conversion reactions. Also, analyzed the multi-step electrochemical reaction mechanism of the battery during the charging and discharging process, and provide a feasible path for the practical application of high energy density lithium-sulfur batteries.