The copyrolysis and cocombustion behaviors of Pingshuo coal and the biomasses (sawdust and rice straw) have been investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The experimental results indicate that there exist synergetic effects between the biomasses and Pingshuo coal during their coconversion process. The initial temperature of volatile emission from Pingshuo coal and the temperature corresponding to the maximum conversion rate during the copyrolysis change with the biomass mixture ratio. Moreover, it can be deduced from the comparison between the experimental and the calculated DTG curves that the copyrolysis process is not the sum of Pingshuo coal and the biomass conversion. During their cocombustion process, the larger the mixture ratio of the biomass is, the lower the ignition temperature and the burnout temperature are, and the larger the combustion characteristic index is. In addition, the maximum combustion rate and the combustion performance are the best when the mixture ratio of the biomass is 70 wt % in the research. Moreover, the activation energy and the frequency factor of the copyrolysis and the cocombustion were calculated by the Coats–Redfern method and the first-order reaction model. The results show that the activation energy and the frequency factor change with the mixture ratio of the biomass, and the regularity was consistent with the above-mentioned conclusions. Therefore, it can be deduced that the addition of the biomass can facilitate the pyrolysis and the combustion of Pingshuo coal, and improve the utilization field of Pingshuo coal.

Marine heatwaves (MHWs), episodic periods of abnormally high sea surface temperature, severely affect marine ecosystems. Large marine ecosystems (LMEs) cover ~22% of the global ocean but account for 95% of global fisheries catches. Yet how climate change affects MHWs over LMEs remains unknown because such LMEs are confined to the coast where low-resolution climate models are known to have biases. Here, using a high-resolution Earth system model and applying a ‘future threshold’ that considers MHWs as anomalous warming above the long-term mean warming of sea surface temperatures, we find that future intensity and annual days of MHWs over the majority of the LMEs remain higher than in the present-day climate. Better resolution of ocean mesoscale eddies enables simulation of more realistic MHWs than low-resolution models. These increases in MHWs under global warming pose a serious threat to LMEs, even if resident organisms could adapt fully to the long-term mean warming.

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Distributed renewable energy offers an exciting opportunity for sustainable transition and climate change mitigation. However, it is overlooked in most of the conventional tradable green certificates programs. Blockchain shows an advantage of incorporating a galaxy of distributed prosumers in a transparent and low-cost manner. This paper proposes I-Green, a blockchain-based individual green certificates system for promoting voluntary adoption of distributed renewable energy. Combing the features of blockchain technology and the theories of social norm and peer effects, the novel green ratio incentive scheme and proof of generation consensus protocol are designed for I-Green. A blockchain simulator is constructed to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of I-Green system. The simulation results present its potential for facilitating widespread adoption of distributed generation, and confirm the feasibility of blockchain as the information communication technology (ICT).

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