Introducing nonvolatile liquid acids into porous solids is a promising solution to construct anhydrous proton-conducting electrolytes, but due to weak coordination or covalent bonds building these solids, they often suffer from structural instability in acidic environments. Herein, we report a series of steady conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) linked by robust alkynyl bonds and functionalized with perfluoroalkyl groups and incorporate them with phosphoric acid. The resulting composite electrolyte exhibits high anhydrous proton conductivity at 30−120 °C (up to 4.39 × 10 −3 S cm −1 ), and the activation energy is less than 0.4 eV. The excellent proton conductivity is attributed to the hydrophobic pores that provide nanospace for continuous proton transport, and the hydrogen bonding between phosphoric acid and perfluoroalkyl chains of CMPs promotes short-distance proton hopping from one side to the other.

Poly­(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-derived electrolytes can promote not only conduction of lithium ions but also that of anions. To avoid anion conduction and increase the Li-ion transference number, we propose a new concept that utilizes crowded space to restrict anion movement. Branched PEG chains with different lengths were covalently grafted into the pore surface of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and construct crowded nanochannels. After incorporating LiTFSI, the COF with longer PEG chains achieves an ionic conductivity of 1.5 × 10–3 S cm–1 at 200 °C and an activation energy of 0.60 eV. It also inhibits anion movement in a certain direction and obtains a higher transference number than other COFs with shorter PEG chains. The full cell is further assembled, finally obtaining a specific discharge capacity of 153 mAh g–1 after 60 cycles at 100 °C.

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The ion aggregation induced by a strong Coulomb force leads to hard charge separation and poor proton conductivity. Herein, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) linking both positive charged imidazole and negative charged sulfonic acid were produced and were finally incorporated with NH4Br molecules. As a result, the charge separation ability of NH4Br molecules is profoundly enhanced by charged groups on COFs, which is proved by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement. The proton conductivity of charged COFs is higher than that of neutral COFs, which can be as high as 3.7 × 10–3 S cm–1 at 90 °C and 100% relative humidity. The activation energy is also lower in charged COFs, demonstrating strengthened charge separation ability and easier moving proton carriers as well.

Controlling total mRNA content differences between cell populations is critical in comparative transcriptomic measurements. Due to poor compatibility with ERCC, a good control for droplet-based scRNA-seq is yet to be discovered. Normalizing cells to a common count distribution has been adopted as a silent compromise. Such practice profoundly confounds downstream analysis and mislead discoveries. We present TOMAS, a computational framework that derives total mRNA content ratios between cell populations via deconvoluting their heterotypic doublets. Experiments showed that cell types can have total mRNA differences by many folds and TOMAS can accurately infer the ratios between them. We demonstrate that TOMAS corrects bias in downstream analysis and rectifies a plethora of previously counter-intuitive or inconclusive analytical results. We argue against the opinion that doublets are undesired scale-limiting factors and revealed the unique value of doublets as controls in scRNA-seq. We advocate for their essential role in future large-scale scRNA-seq experiments.