Background Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) are considered as candidates for osteoporosis (OP) therapy. Estrogen is critical in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. However, the role of estrogen and/or its receptor in BMSC-Exos treatment of OP, as well as its methods of regulation during this process remain unclear. Methods BMSCs were cultured and characterized. Ultracentrifugation was performed to collect BMSC-Exos. Transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blotting were used to identify BMSC-Exos. We examined the effects of BMSC-Exos on the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and cell cycle distribution of MG-63 cells. The protein expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the phosphorylation of ERK were investigated through western blotting. We determined the effects of BMSC-Exos on the prevention of bone loss in female rats. The female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups: the sham group, ovariectomized (OVX) group, and the OVX + BMSC-Exos group. Bilateral ovariectomy was performed in the OVX and OVX + BMSC-Exos groups, while a similar volume of adipose tissue around the ovary was removed in the sham group. The rats in OVX group and OVX + BMSC-Exos group were given PBS or BMSC-Exos after 2 weeks of surgery. Micro-CT scanning and histological staining were used to evaluate the in vivo effects of BMSC-Exos. Results BMSC-Exos significantly enhanced the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the Alizarin red S staining in MG-63 cells. The results of cell cycle distribution demonstrated that BMSC-Exos increased the proportion of cells in the G2 + S phase and decreased the proportion of cells in the G1 phase. Moreover, PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK, inhibited both the activation of ERK and the expression of ERα, which were promoted by administration of BMSC-Exos. Micro-CT scan showed that in the OVX + BMSC-Exos group, bone mineral density, bone volume/tissue volume fraction, trabecular number were significantly upregulated. Additionally, the microstructure of the trabecular bone was preserved in the OVX + BMSC-Exos group compared to that in the OVX group. Conclusion BMSC-Exos showed an osteogenic-promoting effect both in vitro and in vivo, in which ERK-ERα signaling might play an important role.

Background: Exosomes derived from bone marrow stem cells (BMSC-Exos) are considered as candidates for osteoporosis (OP) therapy. Estrogen is critical in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. However, the role of estrogen and/or its receptor in BMSC-Exos treatment of OP, as well as its methods of regulation during this process remain unclear.Methods: BMSCs were cultured and characterized. Ultracentrifugation was performed to collect BMSC-Exos. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting were used to identify BMSC-Exos. We examined the effects of BMSC-Exos on the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and cell cycle distribution of MG-63 cells. The protein expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were investigated through western blotting. We determined the effects of BMSC-Exos on the prevention of bone loss in female rats. The female SD rats were divided into three groups: the sham group, ovariectomized (OVX) group, and the OVX + BMSC-Exos group. Bilateral ovariectomy was performed in the OVX and OVX + BMSC-Exos groups, while a similar volume of adipose tissue around the ovary was removed in the sham group. The rats in OVX+BMSC-Exos group were given BMSC-Exos after 2 weeks of surgery. Micro-CT scanning and histological staining were used to evaluate the in vivo effects of BMSC-Exos.Results: BMSC-Exos significantly upregulated the proliferation, ALP activity, and the ARS staining in MG-63 cells. The results of cell cycle distribution demonstrated that BMSC-Exos significantly increased the proportion of cells in the G2+S phase and decreased the proportion of cells in the G1 phase. Moreover, PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK, downregulated the expression of ERα, which was promoted by administration of BMSC-Exos. Micro-CT scan showed that in the OVX+BMSC-Exos group, BMSC-Exos significantly promoted ERα expression, with ameliorated bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume/tissue volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb. N), and trabecular separation (Tb. Sp). Additionally, the microstructure of the trabecular bone was preserved in the OVX + BMSC-Exos group compared to that in the OVX group.Conclusion: BMSC-Exos showed an anti-osteoporotic role in OVX rats both in vitro and in vivo, which may involve the ERα/ERK signaling pathway.