The transglutaminase (BTG) from Bacillus subtilis is considered to be a new type of transglutaminase for the food industry. Given that the BTG gene only encodes a mature peptide, the expression of BTG in heterologous microbial hosts could affect their normal growth due to BTG's typical transglutaminase activity which can catalyze cross-linking of proteins in the cells. Therefore, we developed a novel approach to suppress BTG activity and reduce the toxicity on microbial hosts, thus improving BTG yield. Genes encoding the respective regions of transglutaminase propeptide from seven species of Streptomyces were fused to the N-terminal of the BTG gene to produce fusion proteins. We found that all the fused propeptides could suppress BTG activity. Importantly, BTG activity could be completely restored after the removal of the propeptides by proteolytic cleavage. Of the seven propeptides tested, the propeptide proD from Streptomyces caniferus had the strongest suppressive effect on BTG activity (70 % of the activity suppressed). Moreover, fusion protein proD-BTG (containing proD) also exhibited the highest yield which was more than twofold of the expression level of BTG in an active form in Escherichia coli. Secretion expression of BTG and proD-BTG in Corynebacterium glutamicum further showed that our novel approach was suitable for the efficient BTG expression, thus providing a valuable platform for further optimization of large-scale BTG production.

Phenyl lactic acid (PLA) has been widely reported as a new natural antimicrobial compound. In this study, 120 Lactobacillus plantarum strains were demonstrated to produce PLA using high-performance liquid chromatography. Lactobacillus plantarum IMAU10124 was screened with a PLA yield of 0.229 g L(-1) . Compared with all previous reports, this is the highest PLA-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) when grown in MRS broth without any optimizing conditions. When 3.0 g L(-1) phenyl pyruvic acid (PPA) was added to the medium as substrate, PLA production reached 2.90 g L(-1) , with the highest 96.05% conversion rate. A lowest PLA-yielding L. plantarum IMAU40105 (0.043 g L(-1) ) was also screened. It was shown that the conversion from PPA to PLA by lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is the key factor in the improvement of PLA production by LAB. Comparing the LDH gene of two strains, four amino acid mutation sites were found in this study in the LDH of L. plantarum IMAU10124.

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