This paper investigated the fracture toughness and enhancement mechanism for each component in bamboo-based composites at the cellular level. In situ characterization techniques identified the fracture behaviors of bamboo-based composites in three-point bending tests, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) further visualized the crack propagation of the fracture surface. In addition, the improvement mechanism of bamboo-based composites was illustrated by mechanical properties at the cellular level assisted with nanoindentation tests. Our in situ test results showed that the bamboo-based composites exhibited a longer deformation and higher bending load compared with bamboo. The fracture was non-catastrophic, and crack propagated in a tortuous manner in bamboo-based composites. Microstructural analysis revealed that phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin pulled out and middle lamella (ML) breaking rather than transverse transwall fracturing occurred in parenchymal cells. The higher density of fibers in the bamboo-based composites triggered massive interfacial delamination in the middle lamella (ML), which was a weak mechanical interface. Furthermore, indented modulus and hardness illustrated that phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin improved the mechanical strength of cell walls, especially parenchymal cells. The crosslinks of PF resin with the cell walls and massive fibers were the primary mechanisms responsible for the fracture toughness of bamboo-based composites, which could be helpful for advanced composites.

Bamboo bundles with linear cracks were produced using mechanical treatments that were more environmentally friendly and more efficient than chemical decomposition and steam explosion. This study presented the separation mechanism by analyzing the structure, micro-mechanical properties and chemical constituent of bamboo bundles at the cellular level. The micro X-ray tomography technology (u-CT) morphology of bamboo and bamboo bundles presented that the separation of bamboo bundles was caused by crack propagation, which was related to the structure of the cell types in bamboo. Field emission scanning microscopy (SEM) was performed to observe the appearance of bamboo bundles at the cellular level, which illustrated that the cracks were prone to grow in the middle lamella (ML) in fiber cells and parenchymal cells. The nanoindentation technique and Raman microscopy was used to illustrate that the middle lamella (ML)with low indentation moduli and high lignin content was the weak structure in bamboo. This is interpreted as how the structure and mechanical properties contributed to the separation of the bamboo.

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidative activities of water and alkaline solution pH=8, 50% ethanolic (APP1 or SAPP1), 75% ethanolic (APP2 or SAPP2) and 100% ethanolic (APP3 or SAPP3) extracts of A. auricular. The antioxidant activities, including the ABTS, superoxide anion radical-scavenging effect, hydrogen peroxide radical-scavenging effect and chelating ability on ferrous ions were studied in vitro. A comparison of the 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of different antioxidative reactions revealed that SAPP3 was more effective in scavenging ABTS, hydrogen peroxide and chelating ability on ferrous ions.SAPP2 showed a higher superoxide radical-scavenging activity. The alkali-soluble polysaccharides extracts showed higher radical-scavenging effect than water-soluble polysaccharides.