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Importance Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is an emergent obstetric complication and the leading cause of maternal mortality. Pelvic arterial embolization (PAE) is an effective treatment for intractable PPH. However, a unique protocol has not been accepted in obstetrical practice. Objective To evaluate its efficiency, safety, complications, and outcomes, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of PAE for PPH in the literature. Evidence Acquisition The Medline, the database of abstract of reviews, the index to allied health literature, and the Chinese database Sino-Med were searched on March 31, 2020, for studies on PAE for PPH. The data for PAE indication, agents, arteries, success rate, complications, and outcomes were extracted and syncretized for meta-analysis. Results From 1075 identified articles, 113 abstracts or full articles were retrieved and 43 studies were finally identified as meeting the including criteria. The results demonstrated that the indications for PAE were as follows: uterine atony, placental abnormality, delivery tract injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation, arteriovenous malformation, and vaginal hematoma. The embolization agents mostly in order were gelatin sponge particles, polyvinyl alcohol particles, Gelfoam, N -butyl cyanoacrylate, microcoil, and glue; for arteries, they were mostly uterine artery and internal iliac artery. The clinical success rate was 90.5%, whereas the technical success rate was 99.3%. The most common complications of PAE were postembolization syndrome and menstrual abnormality. Conclusions and Relevance The emergent PAE is a safe and effective method with high success rate in life-threatening PPH management. Gelatin sponge granules measuring 500 to 1000 μm in diameter have safe results. Pelvic arterial embolization may affect the recovery of menses and increase PPH in the subsequent pregnancy, but there was no noted correlation with fetal growth restriction. Target Audience Obstetricians and gynecologist, family physicians Learning Objectives After participating in this activity, physicians should be better able to explain the causes of PPH; identify which arteries should be chosen for embolization; and describe the advantages of PAE for PPH management.

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Background Most cardiovascular studies have implicated the central transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) as contributing to the detrimental effects of cardiac injury. This ostensibly negative view of NF-κB competes with its important role in the normal host inflammatory and immune response. Pressure-overload, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and heart failure represent a spectrum of disease that has both adaptive and maladaptive components. As opposed to its known effects related to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, we hypothesized that NF-κB is necessary for the compensatory phase of cardiac remodeling. Material and Methods C57BL6 mice underwent minimally-invasive transverse aortic constriction (TAC) with or without inhibition of the proximal NF-κB kinase, inhibitory kappa B kinase-β (IKKβ). Isolated cardiomyocytes were cultured. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed on all animals. Results IKK-β inhibition successfully decreased cardiomyocyte expression of phosphorylated p65 NF-κB and decreased expression of hypertrophic markers with stimulation in vitro. Three weeks after TAC, mice treated with IKK-β inhibition more aggressively developed LVH as measured by heart weight/body weight, LV mass, and wall thickness. These animals also demonstrated functional decline as measured by decreased fractional shortening and ejection fraction. These findings were associated with decreased protein expression of p65 NF-κB. Conclusions Whereas short-term pressure-overload results in compensatory LVH with normal cardiac function, NF-κB inhibition resulted in increased LVH that was associated with functional deterioration. These observations suggest that NF-κB is an important part of the adaptive phase of LVH, and its inhibition detrimentally impacts cardiac remodeling.