increased and the energy transform efficiency decreased. For the SPEs in which the Li + are transport by moieties on the polymer chain, their ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability is restricted by the polymer structure, typically, polyethylene oxide (PEO) based SPEs only working in high temperature above 60 °C and at low voltage of below 4.0 V.Ceramic/polymer hybrid solid electrolyte (HSE) is a promising material by combining the advantages of both types of electrolytes, typical HSEs are composed of polymers to enhance the electrode/ electrolyte interfacial compatibility and inorganic fillers to adjust the ionic transportability. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The fillers could be metal oxides, such as Al 2 O 3 , [10] SiO 2 , [11,12] TiO 2 , [13] and Fe 2 O 3 [14] or fast Li + conductors, such as Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP), [15] LLZO, [16,17] and LGPS, [18] the materials can not only reduce the polymer matrix crystallinity, but also provide extra diffusion routes for Li + , thus enhance the overall performance of the electrolyte. Mechanical mixing is the most common method to obtain the HSE, and it is convenient and cost-effective. However, the composite electrolyte obtained by this method often shows poor uniformity and the fillers are fail to form interconnected Li + conduct channels, on which ionic conductivity of the composites cannot be enhanced effectively. [11] The other issue bring about by mechanical mixing is the organic/inorganic electrolyte interfacial compatibility, as ions inclined to flow along the low resistance pathways, [6,19] local difference in conductivity may lead to strong space charge layer at the interphase and cause polymer oxidation. Many methods were attempted to optimize this interphase compatibility such as reducing particle size of ceramic, [20,21] making the ceramic fillers orderly, and higher dimension. [22,23] But such problem still exists and the interfacial compatibility cannot be neglected. Making chemical bond is a new strategy to resolve the issue of interface. [24][25][26] Nan's group utilized the catalysis of La in dehydrofluorination and prepared poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVDF)-Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 O 12 (LLZTO) HSE whose ionic conductivity is as high as 5 × 10 −4 S cm −1 at 25 °C. [26] But this strategy can only be applied to those polymers consisting of H and F in neighbor carbon atoms such as PVDF or poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) [24] which cannot contribute to ionic transport. Archer's group proposed a more universal method by preparing a kind of soft colloidal glasses HSE that PEO chains were covalently grafted onto silica nanoparticles. The HSE works stable in high-voltage nickel cobalt manganese Ceramic/polymer hybrid solid electrolytes (HSEs) have attracted worldwide attentions because they can overcome defects by combining the advantages of ceramic electrolytes (CEs) and solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). However, the interface compatibility of CEs and SPEs in HSE limits their full function to...

As the most widely used energy storage device in consumer electronic and electric vehicle fields, lithium ion battery (LIB) is closely related to our daily lives, on which its safety is of paramount importance. LIB is a typical multidisciplinary product. A tiny single cell is composed of both organic and inorganic materials in multi scale. In addition, its relatively closure property made it difficult to be studied on line, let alone in the battery pack or system level. Safety, often manifested by stability on abuse, including mechanical, electrical, and thermal abuses, is a quite complicated issue of LIB. Safety has to be guaranteed in large scale application. Here, safety issues related to key materials and cell design techniques will be reviewed. Key materials, including cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator, are the fundamental of the battery. Cell design and fabrication techniques also have significant influence on the cell's electrochemical and safety performances. Here, we will summarize the thermal runaway process in single cell level, and some recent advances on battery materials and cell design.

Actinobacteria are known for their metabolic potential of producing diverse secondary metabolites such as antibiotics. Actinobacteria also playimportant roles in biogeochemical cycling and how soils develop. However, little is known about the effect of the vegetation type on the actinobacterial community structures in soils from arid regions. For these reasons, we have analyzed the actinobacterial communities of five types of ecosystem (tree grove, shrub, meadow, desert, and farm) in the Heihe river basin. Using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, we found 11 classes of Actinobacteria, with dominant classes of Actinobacteria (36.2%), Thermoleophilia (28.3%), Acidimicrobiia (19.4%). Five classes, 15 orders, 20 families and 36 genera were present in all samples. The dominant generalist genera were Gaiella, Solirubrobacter, Nocardioides, Mycobacterium, and Pseudonocardia. The actinobacterial community structures were significantly affected by the environment and vegetation type. The diversity of the actinobacterial community in the desert ecosystem was high, and this ecosystem harbored the highest proportion of unclassified sequences, representing rare Actinobacteria. Functional metagenomic prediction, using PICRUSt, indicated that Actinobacteria play an important role in nitrogen cycling in both desert and cultivated farm ecosystems.

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