House improvements and community participation in the control of Triatoma dimidiata re-infestation in Jutiapa, GuatemalaMelhorias habitacionais com participação comunitária no controle da re-infestação por Triatoma dimidiata em Jutiapa, Guatemala
Seventeen variables were evaluated as possible risk factors for the intradomiciliary infestation with Triatoma dimidiata in 644 houses in Jutiapa, Guatemala. During 2004 the houses were assessed for vector presence and evaluated for hygiene, cluttering, material comfort, construction conditions and number of inhabitants, among other factors. Chi-square analysis detected significant associations between vector presence and eight variables related to domestic sanitary and construction conditions. Log-linear models showed that regardless of the age of the house, the odds of vector presence were 4.3 and 10 times lower in houses with a good socioeconomic status compared with poor and very poor houses respectively. Log-linear models also pointed to a greater chance of vector presence when walls lacked plastering (3.85 times) or walls had low quality-incomplete plastering (4.56 times), compared with walls that were completely plastered. Control strategies against T. dimidiata should include the introduction of better-quality but inexpensive plastering formulations and better sanitation practices should also be promoted among the population. Such control strategies should not only reduce or eliminate infestation, but also prevent vector reinfestation.
Biólogos, entomólogos, microbiológos, ingenieros, arquitectos, antropólogos y líderes comunitarios trabajan juntos para desarrollar una técnica para el control de los insectos vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas. La nueva estrategia de control está basada en modular los factores de riesgo, a través de remodelar y mejorar las viviendas de adobe o bajareque para que sean refractarias a las chinches; la remodelación incluye mejora de paredes y piso imitación cemento para que los insectos no se reproduzca dentro de la vivienda. Se usan materiales locales como cenizas volcánicas (selecto, puzolana), arena de rio, cal y una mínima cantidad de cemento. Después de capacitación, los mismos habitantes ejecutan las mejoras. Varias instituciones como las Municipalidades, el Ministerio de Salud, las Comunidades y la Universidad trabajan coordinadamente. Se han mejorado 7,000 viviendas de adobe y bajareque en Centro América y México. La evaluación de la efectividad para el control de Chagas es a través de presencia o ausencia de vectores, su distribución y la alimentación sanguínea de los insectos vectores. Se comprobó que disminuyeron las chinches, que estás se alimentan menos de humanos y que tiene la tendencia a quedarse fuera de la vivienda, lo que disminuye el contacto humano-vector. Esta alternativa de control a largo plazo es más económica que la forma tradicional de rociamiento con insecticidas.
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