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Appropriate electronic structure is vital to promote the catalytic performance of active species. In this work, TiO2–x was employed to regulate active Fe species to the electron-rich state, causing remarkable synergetic effects in which the sulfur removal rates of Fe-based catalysts were increased by 10–40% and reaction rate constants were also increased by around 100% (pure Fe-based catalysts) and 30% (Fe-Zn bimetallic catalysts). The results of characterization and DFT calculations show that the strong electron-donating effect of TiO2–x on Fe species can promote the dispersion of Fe species and weaken the Fe–O and Fe–S/FeZn–S bonds, resulting in the increases in sulfidation degrees by around 3.5% and enrichments of coordinatively unsaturated sites or sulfur vacancies. In addition, weaker Al–OH peaks caused by TiO2 can also facilitate the increase in sulfidation degrees of Fe-based catalysts. Furthermore, hydrodesulfurization/direct desulfurization ratios are decreased by adding TiO2–x , attributed to the electron-rich Fe species that makes C–S bonds and α/β-H more vulnerable to attacks. Slight changes in acidity caused by TiO2–x have little effect on the catalytic performances of Fe-based catalysts. This work lays a solid foundation for industrial application of eco-friendly and economical Fe-based catalysts in the HDS field.

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The article describes the development of a compact 3-MV very fast transient overvoltage generator that can be docked directly onto gas-insulated switchgear having high capacitance for testing the insulation performance under simulated disconnector switch operation and under standard lightning impulse. University, Nagasaki, Japan, in 2001. He is currently a senior engineer with the High