Malaria is still the most widespread parasitic disease and causes the most infections globally. Owing to improvements in sanitary conditions and various intervention measures, including the use of antimalarial drugs, the malaria epidemic in many regions of the world has improved significantly in the past 10 years. However, people living in certain underdeveloped areas are still under threat. Even in some well-controlled areas, the decline in malaria infection rates has stagnated or the rates have rebounded because of the emergence and spread of drug-resistant malaria parasites. Thus, new malaria control methods must be developed. As the spread of the Plasmodium parasite is dependent on the part of its life cycle that occurs in mosquitoes, to eliminate the possibility of malaria infections, transmission-blocking strategies against the mosquito stage should be the first choice. In fact, after the gametocyte enters the mosquito body, it undergoes a series of transformation processes over a short period, thus providing numerous potential blocking targets. Many research groups have carried out studies based on targeting the blocking of transmission during the mosquito phase and have achieved excellent results. Meanwhile, the direct killing of mosquitoes could also significantly reduce the probability of malaria infections. Microorganisms that display complex interactions with Plasmodium, such as Wolbachia and gut flora, have shown observable transmission-blocking potential. These could be used as a biological control strategy and play an important part in blocking the transmission of malaria.
In Yishan County, Guangxi Province, China, where malaria and Brugian filariasis are transmitted by vectors belonging to the Anopheles hyrcanus Pallas group, a study was conducted from June to November 1986 to evaluate the effectiveness of permethrin-impregnated mosquito bednets to reduce man/vector contact. In three experimental villages a total of 246 mosquito nets were treated with permethrin EC at a dosage of 0.5 g/m2. Control bioassays (1 h exposure) of treated nets gave up to 100% mortality of Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett), Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles for up to 19 weeks. During 5 months evaluation in the villages, permethrin-impregnated mosquito-nets reduced the number of mosquitoes found inside nets by 99.3% for Culex quinquefasciatus Say, by 94.4% for Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann and by 75% for Anopheles lesteri anthropophagus Xu & Feng. This measure could thus be considered an appropriate means of controlling vectors in villages.
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