Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) encapsulated by polymeric stabilizer of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (noted as PVPCuNPs) were simply prepared and used to construct an enzymeless glucose sensor on a solid substrate. Sensing and assay performance of the CuNPs-based sensor to glucose were evaluated in detail. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (I -t) and flow injection amperometry (FIA) revealed a high sensitivity, excellent stability, and good reproducibility in the glucose determination at þ 0.45 V, which was 200 mV more negative than those in former reports. A detection limit as low as 1.0 Â 10 À8 M (signal-to-noise ¼ 3) and a linear range of 1.0 Â 10 À7 M to 5.0 Â 10 À3 M were obtained in this study.

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A stable monolayer of the inorganic-organic hybrid polyoxometalate (Bu4N)2Mo6O19, denoted as Mo6O19, was formed on a sodium-3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate (MPPS)-covered gold electrode surface, interlaced with an anionic poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA) binding layer based on the electrostatic self-assembled (ESA) technique. Electrochemical characterization of the Mo6O19 self-assembled thin films on the solid surface by cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy revealed a stable and sensitive electrocatalytic response to the reduction of iodate. Iodate was determined amperometrically through a flow injection cell at the modified electrode in the concentration range of 1.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-1) M with a detection limit of 8 x 10(-8) M (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). Performance was improved to meet practical needs compared with previously reported analogues.