Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation in the gallbladder. Method This was a multicenter retrospective study based on pathology. From January 2016 to December 2019, patients receiving cholecystectomy and non-polyp participants confirmed by continuous ultrasound follow-ups were reviewed. Patients in the cholesterol polyp group were recruited from three high-volume centers with diagnosis of pathologically confirmed cholesterol polyps larger than 10mm. Population characteristics and medical data were collected within 24 hours of admission before surgery. The non-polyp group included participants from hospital physical examination center database. They had at least two ultrasound examinations with the interval longer than 180 days. Data from the final follow-up of the non-polyp group were analyzed. The risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation were analyzed by comparing the two groups. Results A total of 4 714 participants were recruited, including 376 cholesterol polyp patients and 4 338 non-polyp participants. In univariate analysis, clinical risk factors for cholesterol polyp were age, male gender, higher body mass index (BMI), higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL), lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL), higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In multivariate logistic analysis, independent risk factors were age>50 years (OR=3.41, 95% CI 2.61-4.47, p<0.001), LDL>2.89mmol/L (OR=1.45, 95% CI 1.13-1.87, p=0.003), AST>40IU/L (OR=3.58, 95% CI 2.03-6.31, p<0.001) and BMI>25kg/m² (OR=1.62, 95% CI 1.23-2.13, p<0.001). Conclusion Age, LDL, AST and BMI are strong risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation. Older overweight patients with polyps, accompanied by abnormal lipid levels, are at high risk of cholesterol polyps.

Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and 53.4% of stroke survivors suffer from post-stroke cognitive impairment. Post-stroke cognitive impairment can increase hospitalization rate and cost of care, and decrease the quality of life of stroke patients. To date, multiple cognitive rehabilitation interventions have been tested in stroke populations with post-stroke cognitive impairment. However, the most efficacious intervention has not been established. This systematic review aims to compare the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation interventions for patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment.Methods: We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, CINAHL, PubMed, and clinical trial registries to identify eligible randomized clinical trials with no restrictions in the date of publication and language. Studies conducted with patients aged 18 or over, with the presence of cognitive impairment after being diagnosed with stroke will be included. Studies will be restricted to randomized controlled trials comparing a cognitive rehabilitation intervention with another intervention. The primary outcome is any clinical changes in the general or specific cognitive domain (e.g. executive function, attention, memory, or perception). The secondary outcomes that will be collected include adverse effects (e.g. stroke, disability, or mortality) and quality of life. Two independent reviewers will assess articles to identify trials eligible for inclusion. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the included studies will also be done independently. Any discrepancies will be solved by discussion, or a third reviewer will be consulted if necessary. A meta-analysis will be carried out if appropriate.Discussion: This systematic review for patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment will assess the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. And our results will help clinical decision-making and support the development of clinical practice guidelines.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020173988

Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of deaths worldwide, and 53.4% of the stroke survivors suffer from post-stroke cognitive impairment. Post-stroke cognitive impairment can increase hospitalization rate and cost of care, and decrease the quality of life of stroke patients. To date, multiple cognitive rehabilitation interventions have been tested in stroke populations with post-stroke cognitive impairment. However, the most efficacious intervention has not been established. This systematic review aims to compare the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation interventions for patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment.Methods: We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, CINAHL, PubMed and clinical trial registries to identify eligible randomized clinical trials with no restrictions in the date of publication and language. Studies conducted with patient aged 18 or over, with the presence of cognitive impairment after being diagnosed with stroke will be included. Studies will be restricted to randomized controlled trials comparing a cognitive rehabilitation intervention with another intervention. The primary outcome is any clinical changes in general or specific cognitive domain (e.g. executive function, attention, memory or perception). The secondary outcomes that will be collected include adverse effects (e.g. stroke, disability or mortality) and quality of life. Two independent reviewers will assess articles to identify trials eligible for inclusion. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the included studies will also be done independently. Any discrepancies will be solved by discussion, or a third reviewer will be consulted if necessary. A meta-analysis will be carried out if appropriate.Discussion: This systematic review for patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment will assess efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. And our results will help clinical decision-making and support the development of clinical practice guidelines.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020173988