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Objective. To investigate refractive development and prevalence of myopia in children aged 3-6 years in Hebei Province, China, and to explore the developmental law of refraction, so as to clinically guide the prediction and intervention of myopia. Methods. In May 2019, a total of 6120 people were inspected in 68 kindergartens in 11 cities in Hebei Province. Child refractive refraction was checked under noncycloplegia using a handheld binocular vision screener (SW-800, SUOER, Tianjin, China). Axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CR) were measured using an ocular biometry (IOLMaster 500, Carl Zeiss, Germany). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent SE ≤ − 0.75   D . Results. A total of 5506 children aged 3-6 years met the criteria and were included in the statistical analysis. The prevalence of myopia was 3.49% (1.93% at age 3, 2.90% at age 4, 3.78% at age 5, and 3.88% at age 6). Overall, the mean SE was + 0.67 ± 1.05   D ( + 0.81 ± 1.00   D at age 3, + 0.79 ± 1.05   D at age 4, + 0.67 ± 1.08   D at age 5, and + 0.13 ± 1.01   D at age 6); the mean CR was 7.76 ± 0.26   mm ( 7.78 ± 0.26   mm at age3, 7.75 ± 0.25   mm at age 4, 7.77 ± 0.26   mm at age 5, and 7.76 ± 0.25   mm at age 6); the mean AL was 22.31 ± 0.73   mm ( 21.98 ± 0.63   mm at age 3, 22.12 ± 0.69   mm at age 4, 22.34 ± 0.73   mm at age 5, and 22.49 ± 0.73   mm at age 6). Conclusions. Prevalence of myopia increases with age in children aged 3-6 years in Hebei, China. With the increase of age, CR is basically stable, and AL increases gradually. AL/CR, which is closely related to SE, can be used as an indicator to predict myopia and guide clinical work.

Efficacy of clinical chemotherapeutic agents depends not only on direct cytostatic and cytotoxic effects but also involves in eliciting (re)activation of tumour immune effects. One way to provoke long‐lasting antitumour immunity is coined as immunogenic cell death (ICD), exploiting the host immune system against tumour cells as a “second hit”. Although metal‐based antitumour complexes hold promise as potential chemotherapeutic agents, ruthenium (Ru)‐based ICD inducers remain sparse. Herein, we report a half‐sandwich complex Ru(II) bearing aryl‐bis(imino) acenaphthene chelating ligand with ICD inducing properties for melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Complex Ru(II) displays strong anti‐proliferative potency and potential cell migration inhibition against melanoma cell lines. Importantly, complex Ru(II) drives the multiple biochemical hallmarks of ICD in melanoma cells, i. e., the elevated expression of calreticulin (CRT), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), Hsp70 and secretion of ATP, followed by the decreased expression of phosphorylation of Stat3. In vivo the inhibition of tumour growth in prophylactic tumour vaccination model further confirms that mice with complex Ru(II)‐treated dying cells lead to activate adaptive immune responses and anti‐tumour immunity by the activation of ICD in melanoma cells. Mechanisms of action studies show that complex Ru(II)‐induced ICD could be associated with mitochondrial damage, ER stress and impairment of metabolic status in melanoma cells. We believe that the half‐sandwich complex Ru(II) as an ICD inducer in this work will help to design new half‐sandwich Ru‐based organometallic complexes with immunomodulatory response in melanoma treatments.

Ultrasonic treatment is an effective method to disintegrate sludge and extract organic matter and nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus, from the sludge. This study investigated the transformation of phosphorus species during the ultrasonic treatment of sludge, to reveal the mechanism of phosphorus migration in the activated sludge structure. The experimental results indicated that power density and ultrasonic time were critical parameters affecting the energy input for sludge integration. The optimal phosphorus release performance was achieved at 2.5 W/mL 10 min. The release of phosphorus showed as a layer-by-layer pattern from the inner sludge core to the outer sphere of the multiple-layer structure of the sludge. The complex sludge structure played an important role in buffering the ultrasonication process and transfer of phosphorus. Mg-P, Ca-P, and organic phosphorus are the main phosphorus species that can be extracted from the sludge core into the supernatant. The three-stage process of phosphorus migration through the sludge layers, including dissolution, reprecipitation, and equilibrium, has been revealed.