At present, there are many chess styles in piano education, but there is a lack of comprehensive, scientific, and guiding teaching mode. It highlights many educational problems and cannot meet the development requirements of piano education at this stage. However, the piano scoring system can partially replace teachers’ guidance to piano players. This paper extracts the signal characteristics of playing music, establishes the piano performance scoring model using Big Data and BP neural network technology, and selects famous works to test the effect of the scoring system. The results show that the model can test whether the piano works fairly. It can effectively evaluate the player’s performance level and accurately score each piece of music. This not only provides a reference for the player to improve the music level but also provides a new idea for the research results and the application of new technology in music teaching. This paper puts forward reasonable solutions to the problems existing in piano education at the present stage, which is helpful to cultivate high-quality piano talents. Experiments show that the application of Big Data technology and BP neural network to optimize the piano performance scoring system is effective and can score piano music accurately. This paper studies the performance scoring system and gets the model after training, which can replace music teachers and alleviate the shortage of music teachers in the market.