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The formulas for calculating the activity coefficient, ␥ i , in the binary system and the activity coefficient of a solute at infinite dilution, , as well as interaction parameters, and , in a metallichave been proposed on the basis of Miedema et al.'s model for the estimation of the heat of formation of binary alloys. The formulas can be used in both solid and liquid solutions and have been used in the calculation of both binary and ternary alloy systems taken from 75 elements. The results were compared with the experimental values.

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Constructing electrode materials with three-dimensional (3D) configurations has been presented as a promising way to achieve excellent properties in energy storage. Here, the cathode material LiMnPO4 with honeycomb-like structure was fabricated via a simple NaCl-template-assisted synthesis strategy. The NaCl particles served as a sacrificial template to grow LiMnPO4/C nanoparticles on the surfaces by calcination. The robust 3D honeycomb-like LiMnPO4/C network possesses a highly crystalline structure and intimate interfacial bonding between adjacent LiMnPO4/C networks, which provides more electroactive sites for lithium-ion adsorption and intercalation as well as a highly conductive network for both lithium-ion transport and electrons transfer. Furthermore, the unique honeycomb-like architecture can effectively buffer volume expansion and prevent the agglomeration of active materials. Remarkably, an excellent reversible capacity of 161.5 mAh g–1 at 0.05 C and superior capacity retention with 96.4% after 200 cycles at a high discharge rate of 10 C has been obtained in the 3D honeycomb-like LiMnPO4/C cathode. Our work proposes a promising candidate for electrochemical energy storage and also opens up new opportunities for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.