The electron-selective layer (ESL) is an indispensable component of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and is responsible for the collection of photogenerated electrons. Preparing ESL at a low temperature is significant for future fabrication of flexible PSCs. In this work, solution-processed amorphous WO(x) thin film was prepared facilely at low temperature and used as ESL in PSCs. Results indicated that a large quantity of nanocaves were observed in the WO(x) thin film. In comparison with the conventional TiO2 ESL, the WO(x) ESL exhibited comparable light transmittance but higher electrical conductivity. Compared with the TiO2-based PSCs, PSCs that use WO(x) ESL exhibited comparable photoelectric conversion efficiency, larger short-circuit current density, but lower open-circuit voltage. Electrochemical characterization indicated that the unsatisfied open-circuit voltage and fill factor were caused by the inherent charge recombination. This study demonstrated that this material is an excellent candidate for ESL.

The reaction kinetics and chemical equilibrium of the transesterification of methyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol catalyzed by 1-sulfobutyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([HSO3bmim]­[HSO4]) were investigated. The effects of reaction temperature, initial reactant molar ratio, and catalyst concentration on the kinetics were studied. Two kinetic models, the ideal homogeneous (IH) model and the nonideal homogeneous (NIH) model, were used to correlate the kinetic data. The NIH model was more reliable to describe the reaction rate. The residue curve maps of the reaction system at different mole fractions of IL catalyst were computed, and according to the analysis of residue curve maps, a reactive distillation process was proposed. Effects of operational and structural parameters of reactive distillation column were investigated. An experiment of the reactive distillation in a lab-scale column was then conducted to validate the simulation results.

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A facile method to prepare cuprous oxide/bovine serum albumin (Cu 2 O/BSA) hierarchical nanocomposite particles (NCPs) through imitating biomineralization is presented. BSA acted as the structure-directing agents, guiding the nucleation, growth and assembly of Cu(OH) 2 at binding sites to construct the hierarchical structure and then Cu 2 O/BSA NCPs were achieved. The synthesized nanocomposite with hierarchical structure exhibited excellent antibacterial performance. The products obtained were characterized with XRD, TEM, FTIR, EDX and XPS to investigate the formation mechanism of Cu 2 O/BSA hierarchical structure. Cu 2 O/BSA NCPs with size of 20-50 nm built up by several 6-7 nm Cu 2 O nanocrystals with BSA showed better antibacterial performance in the comparative experiments, which was attributed to the special structure and good biocompatibility of the Cu 2 O/BSA NCPs. And the possible mechanism was presented to explain the excellent antibacterial properties of Cu 2 O/BSA NCPs.