In clinical practice, traditional Chinese medicine injections with the function of clearing away heat and toxic materials tend to cause pyrogen reaction. The pyrogen removal experiments showed that the activated carbon had the defection of applicability, especially in injections containing baicalin. To simulate a sudden pyrogen contamination in injections, the bacterial endotoxin indicator was added into aqueous solution of baicalin. As the activated carbon dosage increasing, a plateau of removal efficiency appeared, in which the removal efficiency of bacterial endotoxin was not significantly improved. However, the loss of baicalin was markedly increased. Besides, the comparison between two kinds of manufacturing techniques of traditional Chinese medicine injections containing baicalin showed that competitive adsorption existed between bacterial endotoxin and baicalin. Therefore, during the injection production, interactions among manufacturing techniques, compositions and harmful substances should be definitely clear, which makes a far-reaching significance on the quality promotion of injections.

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Industrial dyeing produces highly polluting wastewater and threatens the environment. Effective treatment of dyeing wastewater is a crucial step to prevent toxic chemicals from entering receiving waters. This study aimed to assess a modified attapulgite (ATP)-based adsorbent for dyeing wastewater purification by introducing chitosan (CTS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) into the adsorbent material named TiO2/CTS/ATP. It was found that, after modification, the adsorbent showed a lower hydrophilicity, as demonstrated by an increase in the water contact angle from 9.1° to 42°, which could reduce the water adsorption tendency and potentially facilitate contaminants adherence. The modification also led to a significantly increased specific surface area of 79.111 m2/g from 3.791 m2/g, and exhibited more uniform and smaller particle size (reduced to 2.52 µm from 3.99 µm). When the TiO2/CTS/ATP adsorbent was applied to the adsorption of Congo red solution, the adsorption efficiency was observed to reach to 97.6% at the dosage of 0.5 g/L. Furthermore, the combination of adsorption and ultrafiltration was able to achieve 99% Congo red removal. Adsorption pretreatment prior to the ultrafiltration also enabled to reduce membrane fouling, increased the reversible membrane fouling and resulted in a considerably lower transmembrane pressure as compared with the direct ultrafiltration filtration system.

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