Infection is a rare occurrence after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (rACLR). Because of the low rates of infection, it has been difficult to identify risk factors for infection in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to report the rate of infection following rACLR and assess whether infection is associated with patient‐ and surgeon‐dependent risk factors. We reviewed two large prospective cohorts to identify patients with postoperative infections following rACLR. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, history of diabetes, and graft choice were recorded for each patient. The association of these factors with postoperative infection following rACLR was assessed. There were 1423 rACLR cases in the combined cohort, with 9 (0.6%) reporting postoperative infections. Allografts had a higher risk of infection than autografts (odds ratio, 6.8; 95% CI, 0.9–54.5; p = .045). Diabetes (odds ratio, 28.6; 95% CI, 5.5–149.9; p = .004) was a risk factor for infection. Patient age, sex, BMI, and smoking status were not associated with risk of infection after rACLR.

RA]. Due to the presence of a hydroxyl group of RA, castor methyl ester has many better properties (for example, a high viscosity and a low viscosity index) than the biodiesel from other vegetable oils, such as, lubricity and high flash point, which make it attractive to be used in alcohol-diesel fuel blends [6,7].In the conventional methods for biodiesel preparation, the transesterification of oils and esterification of free fatty acids with alcohols were often used and catalyzed by basic (NaOCH 3 , KOCH 3 , NaOH, KOH) [8-10] or acid catalysts (H 2 SO 4 or heteropolyacid) [11,12]. Among these catalysts, basic catalysts (NaOH, KOH, NaOCH 3 ) are preferred to acid catalysts because of their high reactivity and fast reaction rates [13]. However, alkaline transesterification reactions of oils have some disadvantages, for examples, the presence of free fatty acids or water in the oils can form soap as well as mono-and di-acylglycerides, which can be an obstacle to the separation of the biodiesel from glycerin and reduce the yield and formation rate of biodiesel [14]. Therefore, in order to avoid these problems, more efficient and green catalysts and methods to prepare biodiesel have attracted much attention [15][16][17][18][19][20].Ionic liquids (IL), as novel environmental friendly catalysts, due to non-volatile, thermal stability, and easy separation, have been used as green solvents and catalysts in many reactions [15,[20][21][22][23][24][25]. In this work, IL were used as catalysts and RA was used as acyl donor for biodiesel preparation. Compared with those previous reports using castor oil as acyl donor [9,15], biodiesel preparation can be improved by the esterification of RA with methanol using IL as catalyst. The effect of different functional IL on the esterification were compared with the conventional catalysts. And the effects of reaction variables (reaction time, reaction temperature, IL load, and the ratio of reaction Abstract An efficient route to preparing biodiesel by the esterification of ricinoleic acid (RA) with methanol was investigated in the work. Six kinds of functional ionic liquids (IL) were selected as catalysts. The effects of reaction variables (reaction time, temperature, IL load, and the ratio of reaction substrates) were also evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Among IL tested, 1-butylsulfonic-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate showed the highest catalytic efficiency for the esterification. Reaction variables were optimized using RSM as follows: IL load 4 % (relative to the weight of RA), molar ratio of methanol to RA 9.2:1, 67 °C, and 28 min. Under the optimized conditions, the esterification degree of RA was 92.3 ± 1.7 %.

Fatty acids are the precursors for the production of fuels, oleochemicals and special health care products. In this study, a novel rapid method for fatty acid (FA) preparation by the enzymatic hydrolysis of Phoenix tree seed, an undeveloped woody oil seed, was developed. High-temperature GC with flame ionization detector (FID) and the hydrolysis ratio were used to monitor reaction progress. Enzyme screening and the effect of reaction variables on the hydrolysis of seeds were evaluated and optimized by response surface methodology. The results showed that among the tested enzymes, Lipozyme TLIM showed the greatest amount of hydrolysis of Phoenix tree seed. FAs can be rapidly prepared by one-step hydrolysis of Phoenix tree seeds using Lipozyme TLIM as the biocatalyst. Under the optimized conditions (6% enzyme load, 1:8 mass ratio of seed to water, 47.7 °C and 16 min), the maximum hydrolysis ratio (96.4 ± 1.1%) can be achieved. The effect of reaction variables on the hydrolysis decreased in the following order: reaction time > enzyme load > substrate ratio of seed to water > reaction temperature. This work provides a novel and rapid method for FA preparation from oil seeds.

Various components of Phoenix tree (Firmiana simplex) seed were determined. Oil, protein, moisture, ash, and fiber accounted for 27.8 ± 0.3, 19.7 ± 0.4, 7.5 ± 0.2, 4.4 ± 0.3, and 31.23 ± 0.93 % (w/w) of the seed, respectively. The acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, and unsaponifiable matter content of Phoenix tree seed oil extracted using the Soxhlet method were 3.73 ± 0.02 mg KOH/g, 1.97 ± 0.21 mmol/kg, 183.74 ± 2.37 mg KOH/g, and 0.90 ± 0.05 g/100 g, respectively. The total tocopherol content was 54.5 ± 0.5 mg/100 g oil, which consisted mainly of δ‐tocopherol (29.5 ± 0.6 mg/100 g oil) and γ‐tocopherol (13.8 ± 0.8 mg/100 g oil). Linoleic acid (L, 30.2 %), oleic acid (O, 22.2 %), and sterculic acid (S, 23.2 %) were the main unsaturated fatty acids of Phoenix tree seed oil. The saturated fatty acids included palmitic acid (17.4 %) and stearic acid (St, 2.9 %). The work shows the first report of sterculic acid in seeds of this species. This oil can be used as a raw material to produce sterculic acid.

Multimode and multicomponent elastic Gaussian-beam migration is attractive for its efficiency, flexibility, and accuracy. However, when it is used for ocean-bottom seismic data, the incomplete boundary condition will yield some nonphysical artifacts in the final migrated images. To solve this problem, we extend the elastic Gaussian-beam migration method from 3C to 4C by introducing the pressure recording to represent the stress tensor on the ocean bottom. Based on the elastic wave equation and the complete boundary condition for the ocean-bottom model, we derive effective formulas of accurate multimode wave downward continuation. With our method, different wave modes are separated and the receiver ghost is removed simultaneously by applying a decomposition matrix to 4C data during the migration without prior data separation and deghosting, which eliminates the artifacts better and reduces the processing cost. Three synthetic experiments were provided to validate the method for 4C ocean-bottom data migration.