Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) was first diagnosed in Wuhan in December 2019. The World Health Organization defined the subsequent outbreak of COVID‐19 worldwide as a public health emergency of international concern. Epidemiological data indicate that at least 20% of COVID‐19 patients have severe disease. In addition to impairment of the respiratory system, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication. Immune damage mediated by cytokine storms and concomitant AKI is a key factor for poor prognosis. Based on previous experience of blood purification for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome combined with clinical front‐line practice, we developed a blood purification protocol for patients with severe COVID‐19. This protocol is divided into four major steps. The first step is to assess whether patients with severe COVID‐19 require blood purification. The second step is to prescribe a blood purification treatment for patients with COVID‐19. The third step is to monitor and adjust parameters of blood purification. The fourth step is to evaluate the timing of discontinuation of blood purification. It is expected that blood purification will play a key role in effectively reducing the mortality of patients with severe COVID‐19 through the standardized implementation of the present protocol.

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A novel self-promoted curing phthalonitrile monomer was synthesized via substitution reaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile and 3-aminophenol at the presence of K 2 CO 3 in the dimethylsulfoxide solvent. The phthalonitrile was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic rheological analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. The phthalonitrile monomer can be thermally polymerized with self-promoted curing behaviors. The prepolymerization reaction of the phthalonitrile prepolymer was investigated and the phthalonitrile prepolymer exhibited the desirable processing feature. With the curing process of low curing temperature and short curing time, the cured polymers exhibited high glass transition temperatures (241-270°C) and excellent thermal stabilities with the 5 % weight loss temperature (395-441°C). The novel phthalonitrile can be a good candidate as matrix for high performance polymeric materials.

Copolymerizing behavior and processability of epoxy/benzoxazine containing cyano groups (EP/BA-ph) systems were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic rheological analysis. The results showed that EP/BA-ph systems exhibited two characteristic peaks corresponding to ring-opening of benzoxazine and ring-formation of cyano groups, respectively. Compared with BA-ph, EP/BA-ph copolymer processability was improved and can be controlled by varying EP contents, processing temperature, and time. Then EP/BA-ph copolymers were employed to prepare EP/BA-ph/glass fiber (GF) composite laminates and their mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties were investigated. Compared with those of BA-ph/GF composites, the flexural strength, and modulus of EP/BA-ph/GF composites with 50 wt % EP content were increased by 13.5 and 20%, respectively. The enhancements in mechanical properties are mainly due to the strong interfacial adhesions between GF and matrices, which was confirmed by SEM observations. All EP/BA-ph/GF composite laminates are stable up to 510 C in air. EP/BA-ph/GF laminates will have potential applications in the areas where require of excellent mechanical properties and high temperature resistance.

Poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN) endcapped with phthalonitrile (PEN-n) was synthesized by incorporating phthalonitrile into the terminals of PEN. The as-prepared flexible PEN-n (after elevated temperature treatment) was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, and rheological measurements. In addition, the effects of curing behaviors on properties of PEN-n films were studied by thermal, dielectric and mechanical measurements. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that glass transition temperature of PEN-n was improved from 176 to 232 C as the curing temperature and time increased. Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that initial decomposition temperature of PEN-n cured at 320 C for 2 h was 570 C. Mechanical properties showed that tensile strength of PEN-n uncured and cured at 320 C for 3 h was 85 and 97 MPa, respectively. The dielectric properties showed that the dielectric constant of PEN-n film decreased from 4.0 to 3.1 as the curing time increased and dielectric loss of PEN-n was 0.01 at 100 kHz. This kind of PEN-n film may be used as a good candidate for high-performance polymeric materials. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 125: [3829][3830][3831][3832][3833][3834][3835] 2012