Genome-wide microRNA expression was profiled in oligodendrocytes during acute and persistent infection with murine coronavirus. A total of 113 microRNAs were specifically expressed in oligodendrocytes, among which 10 microRNAs were significantly upregulated while 16 microRNAs [miR-129-5p, miR-210, miR-214, miR-297, miR-297b, miR-300, miR-370, miR-466, miR-467b, miR-468, miR-669a/b, miR-672, miR-706, miR-760, and miR-801] were significantly down-regulated during infection. The biological significance of microRNA expression was further assessed for their effects on target gene expression and viral replication. Results showed that transfection of synthetic miR-214, miR-129-5p, and Let-7b specifically reduced target myelin-associated gene expression and inhibited viral replication. Importantly, there was an inverse correlation between expression of microRNAs and the level of their target genes in virusinfected cells. These results thus suggest a potential role for microRNAs in regulation of cellular gene expression in coronavirus-infected oligodendrocytes.