To explore the role of M protein in the replication of NDV in chicken embryos, the M gene was cloned and inserted into plasmid pcDNA4.0. Western blot analysis showed that the M protein was expressed in DF-1 cells after transfection with M gene plasmid. Chicken embryonated eggs inoculated with the M gene plasmid and 2 days later infected with NDV showed 10 times higher hemagglutination (HA) titers and an increased survival of the embryos as compared with the embryos inoculated with the empty plasmid. These data indicated that the expression of M protein in the NDV-infected chicken embryos primarily prolonged their survival and consequently enhanced virus replication.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are now being employed to disclose the continually changing in the transcriptional profile of a biological sample in an approach called RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Here, we review how gene expression technology is shifting from conventional to contemporary sequencing approaches. We also provide a snap shot about the application of RNA-seq technology for discovery and comparison of gene expression patterns in different organisms with a particular emphasis on the impact of Haemonchus contortus on ovine hosts. Furthermore, we presented steps in conducting RNA-seq experiment and how to validate the RNA-seq data. A future study investigating of Haemonchus and its ovine host using RNA-seq technology would be very interesting.

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