Astrocyte-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress elicit cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury after stroke. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB activates astrocytes and generates pro-inflammatory factors. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the effect of pterostilbene (PTE, a natural stilbene) on astrocytic inflammation and neuronal oxidative injury following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. A middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R) mouse model and HT22/U251 co-culture model subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-introduction (OGD/R) were employed, with or without PTE treatment. The data showed that PTE delivery immediately after reperfusion, at 1 h after occlusion, decreased infarct volume, brain edema, and neuronal apoptosis and improved long-term neurological function. PTE decreased oxidation (i.e., production of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde) and inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) and increased anti-oxidative enzyme activities (i.e., of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), by inhibiting phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. In conclusion, PTE attenuated astrocyte-mediated inflammation and oxidative injury following IR via NF-κB inhibition. Overall, PTE is a promising neuroprotective agent.

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Six equal‐protein and equal‐lipid diets were formulated: the fish meal (FM) diet, the soya bean meal (SBM) diet with 40% of FM protein replaced by SBM protein and tributyrin (TB) diets with 0.05% (TB0.05), 0.10% (TB0.1), 0.20% (TB0.2) and 0.40% (TB0.4) tributyrin supplemented in the SBM‐based diet. Each kind of diet was randomly fed to triplicate tanks with 20 fish per tank. Fish were fed apparent satiation twice daily for 56 days. No significant difference in weight gain rate (WGR) and feed efficiency rate (FER) was observed between fish fed the FM, TB0.1 and TB0.2 diets (p > .05). Muscle histidine and arginine proportion of fish fed TB0.1 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the SBM diet (p < .05). Intestine morphology results indicated that the supplementation of 0.1% tributyrin significantly improved the mucosal fold height, microvilli length and microvilli density when compared with those of fish fed the SBM diet (p < .05). The supplementation of dietary tributyrin suppressed the pro‐inflammatory gene expression, which may be due to the improvement of physical barrier and modification of microbial communities, such as Acinetobacter, Rhodocyclaceae, Brevundimonas, Sphingopyxis, Hydrogenophaga, Methyloversatilis and Devosia. In conclusion, dietary 0.1% tributyrin supplementation in high‐soya bean meal diet improved growth performance, flesh quality and intestinal morphology structure integrity of yellow drum.