Active tectonics in NE Asia are characterized by large strike-slip faults, shallow and deep seismicity, intraplate volcanism, metamorphic core complex, and large-scale sedimentary basins. The subduction of the western Pacific plate (or the paleo-Pacific plate) has controlled the extensive deformation and volcanism in NE Asia since the late Cretaceous (Ward et al., 2021;Zhao, 2021). To date, many studies of global and regional tomography have revealed a flat stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) beneath East Asia, and the slab has reached

The central and eastern United States (CEUS), inherited from Laurentia, has a thick, stable, and old continental lithosphere. The continental lithosphere, that is, the North American Craton (NAC), has remained stable for over 1.3 Ga despite subsequent reworking and deformation with the assembly and breakup of the Rodina and Pangaea supercontinents. In the past decade, seismic velocity structure of the crust and lithospheric mantle beneath the North American continent has been investigated by several techniques, including body wave tomography (