No abstract

Oral cancer is a severe hazard across the world due to its poor overall survival and potential to metastasize to different sites of the body. Despite recent advances in diagnostics, detecting Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) remains difficult. Conventional clinical diagnostics with assisted vital staging and optical approaches like velscope to identify OPMDs are both complex and ineffective. Rapid, easier, non-invasive and non-expensive methods with high sensitivity and specificity for precise diagnosis of OPMDs and Oral Cancer is the need of the hour to improve patient survival. Exosomes has recently become an appealing cancer biomarker in non-invasive early detection. Exosomes have unique physiology and pathology characteristics that reflect the cancer microenvironment and play a critical role in the incidence and development of cancer. Paper based biosensors have generated a lot of interest because of their excellent qualities like reduced technique sensitivity and real time output implying prospective role in cancer detection. In this review, we discuss in detail about paper based biosensor tools for early detection of various biomarkers, especially molecular identification and exosomes in oral cancer.

Aim/Background: Hydroxyapatite is a bioactive, biocompatible, and osteoconductive component having similar chemical characteristics to bone and tooth mineral components. Due to its porous structure and resistance to high temperatures, hydroxyapatite is commonly used as a catalyst and adsorbent. Eggshells are abundant in calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and other organic chemicals, making them excellent for CaO production. Materials and Methods: ES-Hap NPs from eggshell through an oil-bath-mediated precipitation technique. Egg shell nanoparticles were manufactured using chemical reagents like ammonia in a silicone oil bath. Preparation using a series of chemical reagents and characterization were done; functional groups were analysed using FTIR; and morphological analysis was analysed using FESEM. Hemolysis analysis was also done. Results: FTIR analysis showed functional PO 4 groups, for the ES-Hap NPs at 1015 cm -1 and 563 cm -1 , respectively. The XRD results based on crystallinity demonstrated Hap NPs of 20.86 nm. A FESEM investigation established the dimensions of NRs to be 78.15 nm and 221.62 nm, respectively. Crystallite size demonstrated that Hap NPs are comparable to normal human bone and may be employed as regenerative therapies. In addition, the hemolysis testing demonstrated superior blood compatibility compared to chemically manufactured, traditional Hap. Conclusion: These biogenic ES-Hap NPs can be further analysed for antimicrobial properties and in vivo studies, which could be highly beneficial for medical applications.